<?xml version="1.0" encoding="gb2312"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" title="XSL Formatting" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/skin/rss_list.xsl" media="all"?><rss version="2.0"><channel><title>敏思博客_尚劝余</title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang</link><description>结识天下同道人</description><item><title><![CDATA[南京专八口语改卷轶事 （2011年1月8-14日）]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1005521347.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[今天上课，同学们问到了即将来临的专八口语考试（2011.12.10.）。想起了2011年1月去南京大学改卷的趣闻轶事，其中有些部分可能对同学们准备专八口语有所帮助，特此从QQ空间转到这里。
<P>&nbsp;<WBR></P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 睡到凌晨五点多，睡不着了，又想起南京之行（英语专业八级口语改卷）的坎坷搞笑来，于是乎，钻出热乎乎的被窝，坐在冷冰冰的三尺书桌前，敲起键盘，写几行文字，记录几件轶事，以资纪念，以飨Q友，作为2011年的第一篇日志。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 轶事一：误机。提前半个多月就在警华订票处定了去南京的机票并买了保险（很幸运，买的是4折的票），订票师傅说，办理登机手续，不用拿机票，只需出示身份证即可。于是乎，将机票留在了抽屉里，带上身份证，坐机场大巴去了机场。结果，傻了眼，不知道是哪个航班，只知道起飞时间是12:30分。凭订票时的印象，站在了深航的队列里，好在队伍不是很长，到了柜台前递上身份证，服务员查了半天说，不是深航的，是海航的。于是，再去找海航排队，庆幸队伍也不是很长。但不幸的是，服务员告诉我们，必须提前45分钟办理手续，迟到了9分钟，已经关闸，只能改签。于是，又跑到另一个柜台改签，幸运的是，下午六点还有一趟去南京的，多加了几百元大洋。垂头丧气，来到了一家餐馆，点菜点啤酒，坐下来KILLING TIME。好漫长啊，从12点一直坐到5点。好在大瓶子带了手提电脑，我带了本书。我能看得出，大瓶子强压火气，没有发作。在我的“磨砺”下，大瓶子的脾气似乎变得出奇的好。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 轶事二：卖命。改卷的工作，可以用“卖命”来形容。一位徐州师大的小唐老师在电梯里说，我们是在拿生命健康做代价。用一个网络流行词语来形容，改卷的老师人人都非常“给力”。每天早上8点多开始进入语音室，签到拿磁带，一直到12点。有些老师去饭馆吃饭，一点钟回来继续改，有些老师直接叫外卖或早上自带面包之类，边吃边改。每组有一个组长，每天最后一个离开。小唐老师这样说，组长（北二外的党老师，业务熟练，改卷速度快）每天要等我们，我们怎么好意思浪费宝贵的时间去吃午饭，而不抓紧分分秒秒改卷？结果是，好几位老师成了“红眼”。我本人更成了“熊猫眼”，惨不忍睹，只好去药店买了一瓶眼药水。“熊猫眼”有照片为证（“南京”相册）。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 轶事三：老乡。本人是陕西人，在西安上了10年学，1994年博士毕业后南漂到了广东（先湛江，后广州）。改卷的第一天，就认识了（来自西安的）西工大的左老师、蒲老师，西安外院的王老师、潘老师。俗话说，“老乡见老乡，两眼泪汪汪”，见到老乡就情不自禁地想起故乡，亲切激动之情溢于言表。大瓶子喜欢独往独来，习惯于喝咖啡等“腐朽堕落”的资产阶级生活方式。正好，每天中午她去独自“腐朽堕落”，而我与老乡一起“圆桌”聚餐，轮流坐庄，聊家乡聊世事，欢声笑语，不亦乐乎。最后一天午餐，在左老师提议下，小酌红酒，以示饯行（如果不是下午还要改卷，本应大酌白酒）。末了，相约下次在西安再聚。翘首以待。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 轶事四：十大名吃与子弹飞。改卷第三天，与大瓶子一起去南京唯一一家五星级电影院“新街口影院”（德基大厦七楼）看“让子弹飞”。电影晚上9点开始，我们6点多就到了。先在影院旁边的“南京大排档”品味南京名吃，这个大排档相当有特色：装饰风格古香古色，服务员身着传统服饰，写有“南京大排档”字样的灯笼挂满厅堂，一对帅哥靓女弹琵琶唱小曲，各种各样的南京名吃应有尽有。到了这样的场合，往往不由自主“BIG EYES, SMALL STAMOCH”。一不留神，点了十种名吃，摆满了一桌。开吃之前，决定给小瓶子发条短信，让她“馋”去吧！短信如是：“一不留神，来到了南京唯一五星级影院旁边的南京大排档，大红灯笼高悬，琵琶小曲相伴，十大名吃满桌，喜力啤酒盈杯，可谓灯红酒绿，推杯换盏，斛光交错，纸醉金迷。所有这一切都抵不过即将开演的让子弹飞。羡慕去吧！”短信发出不久，小瓶子回音：“手机没电了，回家再好好骚扰你们”。哈哈，目的达到了！快哉！！</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>轶事五：翻译难难于上青天。英语专八口语共分三部分：英译汉，汉译英，话题。今年，第一部分是有关纪念中国和印度尼西亚建交的；第二部分是有关上海世博的；第三部分是有关TALENT SHOW的。第一部分涉及到国名，数字，活动等等。同学们翻译时的普遍错误如下：一，不少同学把印度尼西亚翻译成了印度，印度尼亚，印度尼日利亚，甚至有翻译成马来西亚的；二，印度尼西亚是最早承认中国的国家之一，好多同学漏掉了之一，翻译成了印度尼西亚是第一个承认中国的国家；三、很少有同学把28.6 billion US dollars 和&nbsp;<WBR>50 billion US dollars 中的数字翻译对的，大部分都翻译错了；四，短文讲到中国文化在印度尼西亚影响越来越大，印度尼西亚各地开办了汉语学习中心，中国的舞龙舞狮也随处可见，有不少同学理解错误，翻译成了印度尼西亚文化在中国影响越来越大，印度尼西亚毒品也泛滥成灾等等。当时觉得很奇怪，为何会出现毒品这个词。后来想了想，可能是同学们把DRAGON DANCE中的DRAGON听成了DRUG，然后想当然地随意添加。第二部分是中国馆馆长的讲话，同学们翻译时的普遍错误如下：一，好多同学将中国馆翻译错了，也有些同学漏掉了或翻译错了馆长；二，好多同学将世博园区中的园区没有翻译出来；三，感谢媒体对中国馆的宣传，有些同学将宣传翻译成了PROPAGANDA，很少有同学翻译成COVERAGE的。我改的150份卷中，只有一个同学翻译成了COVERAGE，好多老师改的卷中，没有一个同学翻译成COVERAGE的。第三部分的主要问题是：一，个别同学在一开始没有表明自己的立场；二，好多同学没有讲完，没有CONCLUSION；三，有些同学讲完了，CONLUDE了，但是发现时间还早，又再重复赘述。所以，建议同学们在做这一部分时，最好看着时间，三分钟。此外，第一部分英译汉和第二部分汉译英都是读两遍，先通读一遍不停顿，第二遍每读一段停顿一会，提示音后开始翻译（口译）。需要注意的是，第一遍听的时候，可以适当做点笔记，但主要是掌握总体内容大意。第二遍读的时候，并非与第一遍完全相同，而是只读其中的部分段落，供同学们翻译。有些同学在翻译的时候，将第一遍中出现、第二遍中没有出现的内容翻译了出来，而把需要翻译的内容漏掉了。所以，第二遍听的时候，要特别留意，做好速记。对于那些语速慢的同学，需要特别提醒一下，即使其他同学都译完了，没有声音了，你也不要因不好意思一个人继续说，就戛然而止不译了，其实时间还没有到，你完全可以继续译完。还有一点要说的，即使结束的提示音响了，你还有一句没有译完，千万别停下来，继续说下去，因为结束的提示音响了之后，录音还在进行，你的声音依然被录上了。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>轶事六：聚餐。改卷结束的前一天中午，南大招待改卷老师聚餐。非常非常丰盛的菜肴，非常非常独特的宴会。原以为，南大相关人士要做一个讲话，然后开吃。出乎意料的是，大伙坐好，菜已经上来，没有人讲一句话，大伙直奔主题，开吃！吃完饭，继续改卷。如此聚餐人生第一回，很赞很强很给力。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 轶事七：日本人与狗不得靠近。南京南京！这个惨遭日本鬼子屠戮的悲壮的城市，伤口依旧在流血。南大校园里的一辆摩托车上挂着一个牌，上写：“日本人与狗不得靠近”！（有照片为证）我本以为南大外语学院没有日语系，好纯粹，后来发现日语系还是有的。</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 轶事八：打工赚钱。最后一天下午，改完卷当场发一个信封，3600大洋。这36张100元钞票，仿佛刚从印钞机里印出来，如此崭新，号码都没有乱。欣喜之余，不由黯然神伤。亲爱的政府在新年前又开动了印钞机，印刷了大量钞票，免去了我们去银行换新钱发压岁钱的烦恼，也让我们在通胀中过一个“滞胀”的兔年。WHATEVER，拿到钱，便直奔南大超市，将货架上的盐水鸭几乎一扫而空。大瓶子没有带大箱子，便在超市买了一个很有特色的特大袋子。大袋子上霍然写着：哥种的不是萝卜是寂寞，姐种的不是牧草是烦恼！背着沉甸甸的一大袋子盐水鸭，怀揣着新铮铮的人民币，脑海突然冒出了农民工兄弟怀揣辛苦钱身背年货返乡过年的感人情景。于是乎，来到南大大门前，蹲在两个校门之间的大街上，背着沉甸甸一大袋年货，掏出新铮铮的人民币，一张一张数起来。兴奋啊，喜悦啊，激动啊！多么感人的一幕，多么宝贵的一瞬！“咔嚓，咔嚓！！”，闪光灯闪烁之余，路上行人不禁偷笑不已。太平盛世，国富民安啊，活脱脱一个“天下无贼”的翻版啊。（这一幕有照片为证，哥的大袋子里装的不是萝卜也不是牧草，不是寂寞也不是烦恼，而是香喷喷的盐水鸭！）</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR>&nbsp;<WBR> 啰啰嗦嗦就这么多，祝各位朋友兔年吉祥！</P>
<P>&nbsp;<WBR><BR><A href="http://b58.photo.store.qq.com/http_imgload.cgi?/rurl4_b=ce00f389fad5b54856284051293ccd831dcc3ea76b30adf9fe62b0a8cafeeaeccece0dcd32c279d4f1888b1c5207036a24afdb689f9dc2786029ca6909f6038f50c9f5dea7258045a768ac365faf776c32160443&amp;a=61&amp;b=58" target=_blank><IMG style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" title="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" name=image_operate_66371322482884359 alt=图片 src="http://b58.photo.store.qq.com/http_imgload.cgi?/rurl4_b=ce00f389fad5b54856284051293ccd831dcc3ea76b30adf9fe62b0a8cafeeaeccece0dcd32c279d4f1888b1c5207036a24afdb689f9dc2786029ca6909f6038f50c9f5dea7258045a768ac365faf776c32160443&amp;a=61&amp;b=58" width=600 height=800 APPENDURL="1" QUOTETIMER="200178881" ORGSRC="http://b58.photo.store.qq.com/http_imgload.cgi?/rurl4_b=ce00f389fad5b54856284051293ccd831dcc3ea76b30adf9fe62b0a8cafeeaeccece0dcd32c279d4f1888b1c5207036a24afdb689f9dc2786029ca6909f6038f50c9f5dea7258045a768ac365faf776c32160443&amp;a=61&amp;b=58" real_src="http://b58.photo.store.qq.com/http_imgload.cgi?/rurl4_b=ce00f389fad5b54856284051293ccd831dcc3ea76b30adf9fe62b0a8cafeeaeccece0dcd32c279d4f1888b1c5207036a24afdb689f9dc2786029ca6909f6038f50c9f5dea7258045a768ac365faf776c32160443&amp;a=61&amp;b=58"></A> </P>
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<P><A href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=505efa4d0100wkld&amp;url=http://s13.sinaimg.cn/orignal/505efa4dgb2ca869362fc" target=_blank><IMG title="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" name=image_operate_46331322482952218 alt="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" src="http://s13.sinaimg.cn/middle/505efa4dgb2ca869362fc&amp;690" width=517 height=690 real_src="http://s13.sinaimg.cn/middle/505efa4dgb2ca869362fc&amp;690"></A><BR><BR><A href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=505efa4d0100wkld&amp;url=http://s11.sinaimg.cn/orignal/505efa4dgb2ca87993a7a" target=_blank><IMG title="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" name=image_operate_90111322482953140 alt="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" src="http://s11.sinaimg.cn/middle/505efa4dgb2ca87993a7a&amp;690" width=517 height=690 real_src="http://s11.sinaimg.cn/middle/505efa4dgb2ca87993a7a&amp;690"></A><BR><BR><A href="http://photo.blog.sina.com.cn/showpic.html#blogid=505efa4d0100wkld&amp;url=http://s2.sinaimg.cn/orignal/505efa4dgb2ca8800b401" target=_blank><IMG title="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" name=image_operate_31051322482953921 alt="南京专八口语改卷轶事&nbsp;<wbr>（2011年1月8-14日）" src="http://s2.sinaimg.cn/middle/505efa4dgb2ca8800b401&amp;690" real_src="http://s2.sinaimg.cn/middle/505efa4dgb2ca8800b401&amp;690"></A></P>]]></description><author>尚劝余</author><pubDate>2011-11-28 20:41:27</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[甘地新揭秘]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1005496198.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[<P align=center><B>甘地新</B><B>揭秘</B><B></B></P>
<P align=center><B></B>&nbsp;</P>
<P>美国著名作家约瑟夫·勒利维尔德撰写的甘地新传《伟大的灵魂：圣雄甘地与印度的斗争》2011年3月在美国出版（Joseph Lelyveld, <I>Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India, </I>New York: Alfred A Knopf, March, 2011）。随之，英国历史学家安德鲁·罗伯茨在《华尔街日报》上发表书评《甘地新揭秘》(Andrew Roberts, New revelations about Gandhi, <I>Wall Street Journal,</I> 28 March, 2011)。</P>
<P>这本新书及这篇书评在印度乃至全球引发了一场前所未有的争议。印度古吉拉特邦（甘地出生在该邦）和马哈拉施特拉邦（孟买位于该邦）呼吁印度中央政府采取措施在印度全国范围禁止该书发行。印度和西方主要媒体及读者也纷纷发表评论，表达看法。</P>
<P>实事求是地讲，引发这场争议的真正源头并非约瑟夫·勒利维尔德的新书，而是安德鲁·罗伯茨的书评。安德鲁·罗伯茨在其两千多字的书评中并未对该书进行评价，而是大量引用书中有关甘地自我矛盾或行为怪异的事例，强调甘地的性格怪癖和政治缺陷，从而引发了争议。下面是这篇书评的全文。</P>
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<P>约瑟夫·勒利维尔德撰写的有关圣雄甘地的新著，总体上令人对圣雄甘地产生无限钦佩，他领导印度于1947年从英国统治下获得了独立。但是，“圣雄”也给读者提供了足够的信息，表明他是一位有性怪癖的人，一位政治上不合格的人，一位偏执狂，经常非常粗鲁地对待他身边的人。因此，甘地是典型的二十世纪进步知识分子，他宣称他爱人类，但只是作为抽象概念的人类，而对于个体的人，他非常鄙视。</P>
<P>对于他终生为之奋斗的司瓦拉吉（自治）运动而言，如果不是甘地每当文明不服从运动开始获得成功的时候随意将其终止，印度会更早地取得司瓦拉吉（自治）。三亿印度人受到0.1%英国人的统治，如果他们在政治上团结起来的话，一耸肩就可以使次大陆结束英国统治。然而，甘地的怪诞做法激怒了印度九千万穆斯林领袖真纳（他称之为疯子），毁灭了尽早获得独立的希望。他也与印度五千五百万不可接触者领袖安姆贝卡尔不和，安姆贝卡尔称甘地为“邪恶，不可信任”。1900到1922年之间，甘地不止三次终止了他的努力，将15000名支持者抛弃，使之锒铛入狱。</P>
<P>&nbsp;</P>
<P>甘地是一个无休止的自我吹捧者，他收购了他的第一部圣徒式传记的第一版，赠送给人们，并保证再版。但是，我们不能肯定，所有的文字都是他的原话，因为根据勒利维尔德先生所说，甘地坚持要记者们记录的“不是来自他嘴里的话，而是经过他对原稿大量编辑之后授权的版本”。</P>
<P>我们可以肯定，他曾劝告捷克人和犹太人对纳粹采取非暴力，并说“一个犹太人站起来拒绝向希特勒的命令低头”就足以“融化希特勒的心”。（在甘地看来，非暴力显然也适用于中国抗击日本侵略者）。甘地写信给希特勒，称希特勒为“我的朋友”，并自负地问道：“你会聆听一位有意避免使用能够取得巨大成功的战争方法的人的呼吁吗？”他劝告巴勒斯坦的犹太人“信赖阿拉伯人的善意”，等待“阿拉伯人意见成熟后”建立一个犹太国。</P>
<P>1942年8月，日本人占领了缅甸大部分地区，打到了印度大门口，甘地发起了旨在阻止战争努力的运动，迫使英国人“退出印度”。如果种族大屠杀的东京政权占领了印度东北部（如果没有英国军队阻止，日本几近占领印度东北部），印度人将受到灭顶之灾。17%以上的菲律宾人在日本占领下消亡，没有理由设想印度人命运会更好。幸运的是，英国总督维维尔勋爵直接监禁了甘地及其60000名追随者，继续与日本人作战。</P>
<P>甘地曾声称大英帝国和第三帝国之间“完全可以划等号”，然而，英国人将他监禁在豪华的阿加汗宫殿里21个月，直到1944年日本侵略浪潮退去，而希特勒则声明他希望枪杀甘地及其追随者。（1931年12月，甘地会见墨索里尼时两人相处甚欢，圣雄赞扬元首“服务穷人，反对过度城市化，努力实现劳资协调，热爱人民）。甘地没有反对布尔战争或1906年的祖鲁战争，在这两场战争中他募集了一个担架队，第一次世界大战期间他回到印度后，主动提出充当英国的“招募者”。但是，他却毫不犹豫地反对反法西斯战争。</P>
<P>虽然甘地的非暴力使得他成为美国民权运动的偶像，但是勒利维尔德先生表明甘地对南非黑人是何等种族主义。“我们当时被驱往用来关押黑人的一所监狱”，甘地在争取南非印度侨民权利的一次运动中抱怨说。“我们没有被划入白人等级尚可理解，但是被置于和当地人同一等级似乎令人无法容忍。黑人通常很不文明，他们甚至更像是罪犯。他们惹是生非，肮脏不堪，像动物一样生活。”</P>
<P>在给南非纳塔尔省立法议会的一封公开信中，甘地写到“印度人如何被降低到了原始黑人的地位”。他后来说，“黑人的职业是狩猎，他们的唯一雄心壮志就是积攒几头牲畜买一个老婆，然后在好逸恶劳和赤身裸体中度过一生。”关于南非白人和印度人，他写道：“我们相信他们的人种是纯洁的”。这可能就是他之所以不允许他儿子马尼拉尔与法蒂玛·姑尔结婚的原因，法蒂玛·姑尔是一位穆斯林，虽然甘地公开场合主张穆斯林-印度教徒团结。</P>
<P>甘地提到的赤身裸体颇具讽刺意味，如勒利维尔德先生所详述的那样，印度独立前夕，70多岁的甘地鼓励17岁的侄孙女曼努赤身裸体与他“晚上偎依”在一起。他有100多位贴身随从，其中有几位长期跟随他的忠实的成员不赞成他这种精神追求，甘地解雇了他们，随后开始与曼努及其他年轻女子赤身裸体同床共枕。有一次，他告诉一位女孩：“虽然我做了最大努力，但是我的生殖器依然有反应。这完全是一次奇怪而耻辱的经历。”</P>
<P>然而，他对曼努也很残酷。一次，他强迫曼努穿越一片曾发生过性侵的丛林去找一块他喜欢用来按摩脚的浮石。当她满含泪水地回来后，甘地“咯咯”地笑着对她说：“如果恶棍把你抢走了，而你勇敢地面对死亡，那么我的心会快乐地跳动。”</P>
<P>然而，正如勒利维尔德先生表明的那样，甘地的生殖器可能只是偶尔因为他的赤身裸体的年轻女子而勃起，因为他终生所爱的人是一位犹太裔德国建筑师和健身师赫尔曼·卡伦巴赫，因为他，甘地于1908年离开了他妻子。“你的肖像（唯一的肖像）放在我卧室的壁炉台上。” 他在给赫尔曼·卡伦巴赫的信中写道。“壁炉台在床的对面”。由于某种原因，棉绒和凡士林使他“经常想起”赫尔曼·卡伦巴赫，勒利维尔德认为，这可能与甘地给他自己灌肠有关，虽然也可能有其他的解释。</P>
<P>甘地在给卡伦巴赫的信中写到“你是何等地完全拥有了我的身体。这是出乎意料的奴役状态”。甘地戏称自己是“上院”，卡伦巴赫是“下院”，他让下院保证不“好色地注视其他任何女子。”两人然后誓言“更多的爱，更多的爱。。。。这种爱如他们所希望的，是全世界不曾见过的。”</P>
<P>甘地1914年回印度后他们两人分手了，因为德国人在战时得不到去印度的许可证。不过，甘地从未放弃使卡伦巴赫回到印度的梦想。甘地在1933年给卡伦巴赫的信中写道，“你的形象总是在我的脑海浮现”。后来，在他那就连已婚的“同住者”也必须宣誓独身的修院里，他说：“我想象不出还有什么比男女性交更丑恶的事”。你可能甚至因为“过分逗乐”而被逐出修院。（食盐也是被禁的，因为它“刺激感官”）。</P>
<P>在他的《印度司瓦拉吉》（“印度自治”）小册子中，甘地谴责律师、铁路和议会政治，而他本人就是一位职业律师，经常使用铁路去赴会，主张印度值得拥有自己的议会。在发誓因为奶中含有引起性欲的物质而不喝牛奶后，他感染了痔疮，他说，他只是承诺放弃喝牛奶，而不是羊奶。他绝对反对在印度实行除了性禁欲之外的任何节育，一天的生活费低于$1.25的印度人数今天比甘地时代更多，甘地反对绝对节育何其危险。</P>
<P>甘地告诉1946年屠杀东孟加拉成千上万名印度教徒的穆斯林说，伊斯兰教“是和平的宗教”，但他对在他之前进入东孟加拉村庄的三名工作人员说：“如果明天我得到消息说你们三个都被杀了，我不会落泪，只会高兴”。一位印度教徒问他，印度教徒怎样才能返回他们被种族清除出来的村庄时，甘地漫不经心地回答说：“我不介意你地区的500个家庭是否全部被屠杀”。他所介意的只是非暴力原则和方法，如他告诉一位正统婆罗门的那样，他相信轮回转世。</P>
<P>甘地支持1920年代的穆斯林哈里发运动，他说为此他“准备牺牲我的儿子，我的妻子和我的朋友”。勒利维尔德先生表示，这只不过是甘地为了保持穆斯林联盟与他联合的一种自私的伎俩。当他争取印穆团结的运动失败后，他将责任推给更高的权威，他在1927年曾说：“我在此为之劳苦，为之忏悔，但是神不满足。神不想让我因此而居功” 。</P>
<P>甘地不光是在不可接触者1924-1925年要求获得进入印度教神庙参拜权的关键时刻愿意为不可接触者争取权益。他还担心疏远高种姓印度教徒，1936年甘地曾问一位来访的传教士：“你会向一头母牛传福音吗？其实，有些不可接触者的理解力还不如母牛”。</P>
<P align=left>甘地认为绝食“是最糟糕的强制形式，它违反非暴力的基本原则”，尽管如此，他在1932年为了阻止为不可接触者在未来印度议会保留席位进行了第一次“大绝食”。他说这是“一个宗教问题，而不是政治问题”，因此他对此事没有争议。他在另外场合声明“消灭不可接触制并非要求有种姓的印度教徒必须与以前的不可接触者一起用餐”。成千上万的人参加了他1930年代反对不可接触制的群众聚会，但是不可接触者却被置于临时看管点（候宰栏），与有种姓的印度教徒隔离。</P>
<P align=left>当然，任何联合运动都会涉及某种程度的妥协和偶尔的虚伪。但是，甘地的圣人形象，他1948年被印度教狂热分子刺杀，马丁·路德·金把他奉为美国民权运动榜样，这些都给他提供了保护伞，使其免受人们的刻薄审视。法国文豪罗曼·罗兰在1924年的圣徒传中称甘地为“凡间半神半人”，抓住了大多数有关甘地作品的基调。人们曾经将他双脚触碰过的沙子作为文物收藏，一位亲戚保留着甘地剪下来的指甲，近代传记家似乎与今人一样虔诚地对待他。勒利维尔德先生也不例外，他在这部精心研究和着力打造的书中动辄不辞辛劳地为甘地辩解。</P>
<P>然而，在甘地一生从事的四个伟大运动中，即印穆团结、反对进口英国纺织品、消灭不可接触制、将英国人赶出次大陆，只有最后一个运动成功了，而这场胜利只是因为反对帝国主义的艾德礼领导的几乎崩溃的英国人在一场万劫不复的世界大战之后迫切想离开印度。</P>
<P align=left>这不太像是一位早在1921年12月就被赋予印度国大党“唯一执行权威”的人的记录。但随后，就像任何政治家一样，不能用实际结果来判断甘地，因为他是“圣雄”。</P>
<P>**********************************************************</P>
<P>以上文字与其说是书评，不如说是对甘地本人赤裸裸地攻击。近年来，西方作家和学者特别是英美作家和学者出版或发表了不少有关甘地的所谓的“新发现”、“新探索”的作品。约瑟夫·勒利维尔德撰写的甘地新传《伟大的灵魂：圣雄甘地与印度的斗争》及安德鲁·罗伯茨的书评《甘地新揭秘》是其中的典型代表。</P>]]></description><author>尚劝余</author><pubDate>2011-11-3 22:33:40</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[玛利诺会与中国文化]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1005346576.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Maryknoll</SPAN>）全称“美国天主教外方传教会”（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America</SPAN>），总部位于纽约市郊一个小山丘上（<SPAN lang=EN-US>knoll</SPAN>的意思是小山丘），院内竖立着一尊圣母玛</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">利</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">亚（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Mary</SPAN>）塑像，故得此名（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">意为“圣母山”）</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会是美国第一个天主教传教会，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1912</SPAN>年经教皇批准在罗马正式成立，总部设在纽约。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">中国是</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会对外传教的第一个国家，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1918</SPAN>年始，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会在中国华南和东北分别建立了五个教区，即广东的江门和</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">嘉应（今天的梅州）</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">，广西的梧州和桂林，辽宁的抚顺。从<SPAN lang=EN-US>1918</SPAN>年到<SPAN lang=EN-US>1955</SPAN>年，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会在中国传教约<SPAN lang=EN-US>37</SPAN>年，先后创办教堂、学校、孤儿院、盲人院、老人院和麻风病院等。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士一踏上中国的国土，就步入了一个陌生而复杂的异域文化环境。在许多中国人眼里，基督宗教是西方帝国主义的附庸，是借助不平等条约和炮舰外交强加给中国的外来宗教，与中国社会文化传统格格不入。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士遇到的最大难题就是如何了解和适应中国文化，实现自我蜕变，取得中国民众认同，使基督教会融入中国社会文化之中。为此，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士在生活方式、语言、建筑等方面，进行了种种尝试和转变，以适应中国社会文化环境。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">一、生活方式<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">生活方式是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的重要表现形式。玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士在生活方式上的转变和适应主要体现在衣着和饮食两个方面。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">来华初期，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士被迫遵循法国传教士教规，身着黑色或白色</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教士服。沈阳牧区主教布罗伊斯（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Bishop Blois</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）曾提醒</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">马利诺会士，“在</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">沈阳牧区，必须穿</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">黑色或白色</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教士服。这一规定非常严格，如果牧区教士穿其他服装，即使穿美</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">式僧侣服，也会受到严惩”。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会神父詹姆斯&#8226;沃尔什（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体" lang=EN-US>James E Walsh</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">）出任江门教区主教后，允许</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士穿着中式长袍。大部分</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士都喜欢穿中式衬衣和裤子，外面套一件中式长袍。他们认为，中式长袍是中国文化的象征，而且穿着也比西式</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教士服舒服，此外，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">中式长袍没有纽扣，西式</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教士服有纽扣，常常被耗子啃掉。<SPAN style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">玛利诺</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会修女平时穿灰色会服，夏天换成浅白色会服，冬天则穿上中式长棉袄。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">比起衣着来，饮食的适应和转变显得比较困难和复杂一些。大部分</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士的饮食规则是，与中国人在一起的时候吃中餐，没有中国人的时候吃西餐。他们通常雇佣中国厨师做饭，这些中国厨师学会了做西餐，如果没有西餐原料就用中餐原料代替。有些牧区的</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会修女每周吃一次中餐，通常是在星期四。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会神父和修女走访中国家庭的时候，与主人吃一样的中餐，几乎什么都吃。他们容易接受北方的面条和饺子，也接受了客家人的腌菜和腌肉。但是，他们很难放弃西方饮食禁忌，例如，绝大多数</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士绝不吃狗肉。也有个别</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士完全适应了中国饮食习惯，像中国人一样饮食，也吃鸡的内脏、鸡头和鸡爪，不像其他外国人那样只吃纯鸡肉。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">二、语言<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 25.6pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语言是文化的重要载体，也是文化的一部分。玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士意识到，要在中国民众中有效地传教，当务之急必须掌握汉语。但是，学习汉语面临许多现实问题，如汉语方言众多，除了普通话外，还有粤语乃至客家话等，此外，很难找到合适的汉语教材。针对这种情况，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会采取了一系列措施，包括编写教材和开办学校等。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">第一，编写教材。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1925</SPAN>年，汕头牧区雷伊神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father Charles Rey</SPAN>）编写了一部小词典，嘉应教区神父德劳特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father Drought</SPAN>）编写了一本<SPAN lang=EN-US>300</SPAN>页的教材《客家话入门》，成为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士的标准版客家话教材。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1927</SPAN>年，梅耶神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father Meyer</SPAN>）编写了第一部</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会官方粤语教材。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1935</SPAN>年，温佩修士（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Brother Francis Wempe</SPAN>）编写了《粤语<SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>英语学生词典》。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1935</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>-1940</SPAN>年，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺会莫斯修女（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Sister Moss</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）用客家话土语编写了</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">24</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本小册子，成为语言学校的主要教材。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>1938</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">年，奥米里阿神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father O’Melia</SPAN>）编写并出版教材《粤语初步》和《教外国人写汉字》，他的教材被香港政府规定为所有政府官员的官方教材，他本人也受邀为香港政府考试委员会委员。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1946</SPAN>年，克兰神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father Keelan</SPAN>）编写并出版《汉语口语入门》。在抚顺教区，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士主要是借用基督教中国研究学院的教材《普通话入门》。此外，斯密斯（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Arthur H Smith</SPAN>）的《中国乡村生活》和《中国人的特性》两本书成为必读参考书，以帮助</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会士了解中国的文化习俗。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">第二，创办学校。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1927</SPAN>年，在精通粤语的迪兹神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father Dietz</SPAN>）指导下，第一所</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会汉语学校在江门北街开办。每期<SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN>个月，每天四堂课，前两堂课由迪兹神父教汉语和中国文化习俗，后两堂课由中<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="国">国</st1:PersonName>教授教口语和写作。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1928</SPAN>年，梅耶神父在迪兹神父帮助下在梧州南平开办语言学校。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1931</SPAN>年，道斯神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father William Downs</SPAN>）在嘉应开办一所新的客家话学校。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1935</SPAN>年，这三所语言学校合并为香港赤柱语言学校，由香港</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会奥米里阿神父任校长。该校起初只教白话和客家话，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1939</SPAN>年起增加了普通话，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1941</SPAN>年香港沦陷日本后该校被迫关闭。<SPAN lang=EN-US>1946</SPAN>年，道乃利神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Father Patrick Donnelly</SPAN>）在梧州南平开办粤语学校，负责梧州和江门教区。克兰神父在桂林开办普通话学校，亚普神父（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Yap</SPAN>）在嘉应开办客家话学校。在抚顺教区，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1935</SPAN>年开办了抚顺普通话学校，不久迁往位于中朝边界附近的丹东。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">除了上述一系列供</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺神父和修士学习汉语的学校外，在东北和华南教区还建立了一些玛利诺修女语言学校。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1933</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，玛利诺修女普通话语言学校在抚顺开办。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>1934</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">年，第一所华南</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺修女语言学校在嘉应东市开办。该校开设了</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年制的客家话课程，除了学习客家话的听说读写之外，还学习文学、历史、传统、伦理、以及中国人特别是客家妇女的心理。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>1938</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">年，第二所华南</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">玛利诺修女语言学校在香港开办，该校既教粤语也教普通话。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过上述活动，<SPAN style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">玛利诺会士</SPAN>熟悉了<SPAN style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">中国语言（</SPAN>普通话、粤语、客家话等），<SPAN style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">也了解</SPAN>了中国文化（<SPAN style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">历史、文学、传统、习俗等</SPAN>），从而得以与中国民众深层接近，获得当地民众的认同，有利于传教活动的开展。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 28.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、建筑</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 25.6pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建筑是文化的象征，蕴含着强烈的文化信息。玛利诺会认识到，外国传教士在中国建造的罗马式和哥特式教堂不是中国艺术和文化传统的表现，在中国民众眼里这些教堂建筑标志着天主教是“舶来品”。因此，要让天主教在中国扎根，不仅需要传教士在衣着饮食和语言文化方面尽可能中国化，而且需要宗教建筑呈现中国传统文化特色。于是，玛利诺会努力将基督教建筑形式与中国传统建筑形式结合起来，体现中国传统文化特征。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 25.6pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在华南地区和东北地区，玛利诺会士设计和建造了许多具有中国文化特色的教堂。凯尔恩斯神父（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Father Robert Cairns</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）在广东化州建造了一座临时教堂，招集当地名人设计建造了五光十色的祭坛。斯托布利修士（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Brother Albert Staubli</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是一位天才的雕刻家和建筑师，非常喜爱中国文化，他在江门和梧州教区修建了许多教堂，堂顶、祭台和内部装饰都尽显中国特色。此外，玛利诺会士分别在江门、嘉应、梧州、桂林和抚顺教区修建了大主教堂，将中国庙宇建筑风格与基督教建筑风格结合起来。所有建筑材料都来自当地，并尽可能用当地基督徒工匠和建筑工来建造。福特主教（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Bishop Ford</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）还在嘉应主教堂旁边建造了一座七层高塔，塔顶是一个十字架，成为中西文化结合的标志性建筑。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">除了教堂之外，玛利诺会士还建造了修院和神学院等其他宏伟建筑，力图将东西方建筑特色融为一体。江门神学院是一栋三层西式楼房，房顶是中式，有一个大院子，有高耸的院墙和宏伟的牌楼式大门。嘉应神学院模仿美国宾夕法尼亚玛利诺神学院式样，但融入了中国元素，塔楼采取中国园林亭子风格，一楼巷道延伸到楼外，形成一个静谧的走廊，走廊上面的二楼四周是宽阔的阳台，整个建筑的色调与周围竹林背景和客家山脉遥相呼应。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">总之，玛利诺会士在中国传教过程中一直努力适应中国环境，融入中国社会文化之中。玛利诺修女</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">西奥（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>Sister Mary Gemma Shea</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">）借用</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>M.A.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">双关语所说的一番话，很能代表<SPAN style="LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">玛利诺会努力调整和适应中国文化的情形。她说：“我只有一个学位，即“文科硕士”（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>M.A.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">），但是它的意思是‘适应大师’（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>Master of Adjustment</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">）。自从我来到玛利诺会，我学会了适应，适应，再适应”。在中国的三十余年中，玛利诺会士在生活方式、语言、建筑等方面逐步调整和适应，取得了可喜成就。玛利诺会士所取得的成就不仅使得天主教会为当地华人所接受，不再被视为外来宗教，而且这些成就也为近代中国社会文化的发展做出了一定的贡献。</SPAN>]]></description><author>尚劝余</author><pubDate>2011-7-5 19:25:53</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[复古神学&#8226;象征神学&#8226;救赎神学—乔纳森&#8226;爱德华兹论基督教与其他世界宗教的关系]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1005074580.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、引言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1703-1758</SPAN>）是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">美国新英格兰地区著名的清教牧师，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">是<SPAN lang=EN-US>18</SPAN>世纪美国大觉醒运动的领导者，也是公认的美国历史上最伟大的神学家和美国哲学思想的开拓者。乔纳森·爱德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">华兹涉猎广泛，著作等身。耶鲁大学出版社出版了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卷乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹著作集，但这仅占他全部著作的一半。三卷本的《美国宗教百科全书》里论及最多的是乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹，远远超过其他任何人。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪中叶以来，有关乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的研究方兴未艾，著名的大学出版社和学术杂志出版发表了研究乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹思想和影响的著作和文章数以千百计，各大学研究乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的学位论文也成倍增加。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的著作（主要是北安普顿时期）被译成了十几种语言，受到世界各国学者的青睐。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">迄今为止，有关乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的研究涵盖面颇广，涉及到他的生平、神学思想、哲学思想、美学思想、伦理思想、文学思想、科学思想、大觉醒运动等。相较而言，有关他对基督教与其他世界宗教关系问题的研究却遭到学界“冷遇”，涉及不多。美国著名<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="宗教学">宗教学</st1:PersonName>教授杰罗德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·迈克德莫特认为，其中的原因有二：一是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">长期以来学界普遍认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪的美国基督教神学家是虔诚的护教者，只关注基督教，对其他世界宗教不感兴趣，鲜有了解；二是大多数学者只关注乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹著作文本，忽略或忽视了乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹著作的旁注以及他的某些讲道。斯洛伐克著名神学教授迈克</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·瓦尔克则认为，其中的缘由也许是，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在学界看来</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">这是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹神学试验中微不足道的方面，所以没有必要过分强调。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不管怎样，毋容置疑的是，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹从早年到晚年一直对基督教以外的其他世界宗教怀有浓厚的兴趣，而且越到晚年兴趣越浓。在其职业生涯中，他一直搜集有关基督教之外的世界宗教的一切信息，到他步入人生最后十年之时，他已经在笔记本上写下了数百页有关基督教与其他世界宗教关系的资料（乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的个人笔记总共有数千页），对基督教与其他世界宗教的关系进行了思索和探讨。下面综合相关西方学者的研究成果，就乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹有关基督教与其他世界宗教关系问题做一初步探讨。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、复古神学</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹研究其他世界宗教的动机最初出于护教，之后则逐渐被其他世界宗教所吸引。在这一过程中，复古神学对乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的影响最大。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">众所周知，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">15-16</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪的地理大发现使欧洲发现了东方和新世界的香料、黄金以及贸易航道。与此同时，它也使欧洲发现了一个基督教世界之外的广袤的“异教”世界。据</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪的基督教地理学家估算，当时，只有六分之一的世界听到了基督的福音，其余六分之五的人口都在地狱里受诅咒。然而，“异教”世界对基督教世界做出了反击。这些被视为“异教徒”的人认为，他们比欧洲基督教徒更有道德。他们虽然受到了诅咒，但道德高尚。基督教徒虽然得救了，却道德沦丧。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹就是在基督教受到“异教徒”攻击的背景下，出于护教目的开始学习基督教之外的其他宗教。他搜集并阅读当时可以得到的有关其他世界宗教的大量著作、游记、词典和百科全书。他在《书目》中曾经引用过的书籍包括英国东方学家乔治</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">赛尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1697-1763</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）翻译的《古兰经》，耶稣会士来自中国的报道，犹太教神</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">秘派的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分析，比较神话，法国哲学家皮特</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·贝尔（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1647-1706</SPAN>）的《历史与批评词典》，丹尼尔·迪福的《古今世界宗教词典》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英国神学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">威廉·特纳（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1634-1716</SPAN>）的《世界宗教史》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英国</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">圣诗之父</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">艾萨克·沃特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1674-1748</SPAN>）的《世界宗教和声》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英国神学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">塞缪尔<SPAN lang=EN-US>&#8226;</SPAN>舒克福特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1694-1754</SPAN>）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">的《神圣与世俗史》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英国百科全书作家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">伊弗雷姆<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>钱伯斯（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1680-1740</SPAN>）的《哲学辞典》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英国神学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">托马斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·布劳顿（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1704-1774</SPAN>）的《古今宗教历史图书馆》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英国</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">词典编纂者</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">托马斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·莱克（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1695-1733</SPAN>）的《新英语大辞典》等。这些著述</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">均程度不同地</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">涉及基督教之外的其他世界宗教。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[③]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹所读过的许多著作的作者对宗教的理解，均受到复古神学的熏陶和影响。实际上，根据复古神学的学说理解宗教是护教神学的一个传统。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">复古神学主张存在一种单一的、真正的神学，它由神灵在远古时期赋予整个人类，并贯穿所有宗教；它主张希腊、埃及、印度、波斯、中国等非基督教世界的先知都接受过神灵的启示。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[④]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>复古神学最初由</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">犹太圣经哲学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">斐洛（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">公元前</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN>-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">公元</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">基督教圣徒</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">殉道者游斯丁（<SPAN lang=EN-US>103-165</SPAN>）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">基督教神学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">亚历山大的克莱门特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>150-215</SPAN>）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">基督教神学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">奥利金（<SPAN lang=EN-US>185-254</SPAN>）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">基督教作家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">拉克坦细阿（<SPAN lang=EN-US>240-320</SPAN>）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">教会史之父</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">优西比乌（<SPAN lang=EN-US>263-339</SPAN>）等人所倡导，之后在文艺复兴时期由意大利神学家马西里奥<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>菲奇诺（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1433-1499</SPAN>）和哲学家匹克<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>德拉<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>米兰多拉（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1463-1494</SPAN>）所发展，他们将新柏拉图主义与基督教义综合起来。<SPAN lang=EN-US>17-18</SPAN>世纪，耶稣会士索隐派复兴了复古神学，他们声称中国在耶稣基督诞生前二千年就已经膜拜真正的神灵了。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[⑤]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹是在耶鲁大学就读时，由他的导师</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">塞缪尔<SPAN lang=EN-US>&#8226;</SPAN>约翰逊</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引入复古神学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">的。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑥]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">在所有复古神学家中，对</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹影响最大的有四人。首先是苏格兰人齐瓦利尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·拉姆塞（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1686-1743</SPAN>），他在古代埃及人、波斯人、希腊人和中国人中发现了三位一体一神教。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">齐瓦利尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·拉姆塞力图证明，神灵向最早的人类祖先启示了基督教的根本教义，因此，大多数其他世界宗教都教导与新柏拉图</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三大本体</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">相似的三位一体论。其次是爱尔兰人菲利普·斯凯尔顿（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1707-1787</SPAN>），他写了两卷本的反自然神论著作《自然神论发现》。第三位是英格兰人迪尔菲勒斯·盖尔（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1628-1678</SPAN>），他写了四卷本的著作《异教徒的法庭》，认为所有古代语言和学问特别是哲学都源自犹太人。第四位是英格兰人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">拉尔夫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">卡德沃斯（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1617-1688</SPAN>），他是一位伟大的剑桥柏拉图主义哲学家，他在《真正的宇宙知识系统》一书中表示，明智的异教徒是熟知真正的（基督教的）神灵、信奉三位一体学说的一神教徒。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹显然被复古神学家的学说所吸引。他大量摘录他们的著作，写进他的读书笔记，再进一步消化吸收，并加以创新。正如法国启蒙思想家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">狄德罗（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1713-1784</SPAN>）所说，模仿是创造的继续。从</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹所做的旁注以及读书笔记中对复古神学要旨的重述不难看出，他显然是有选择地和创造性地重塑复古神学传统，以便为他自己的论证需要服务。他的主要目的在于表明，与自然神论者的主张截然不同，几乎所有人都接受了神启，因此其他世界宗教信仰者有关真正宗教的知识都源于神启，而不是源于自然理性之光。更重要的是，六分之五的世界并未被剥夺基本的福音真理。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹在他的笔记中大量记录了其他世界宗教信仰者所拥有的宗教真理。<SPAN style="COLOR: black">他从荷兰法学家、基督教护教学家</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">格</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">老秀斯（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1583-1645</SPAN>）那里得知，希腊人曾说精灵在万物伊始就在水上行走，并且知道人可能在思想上出轨但却会原谅并爱他的敌人。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn7" name=_ftnref7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[⑦]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>他也注意到，古罗马诗人维吉尔（公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US>70-19</SPAN>）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">哲学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">塞內加（公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>-</SPAN>公元<SPAN lang=EN-US>65</SPAN>年）、讽刺诗人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">尤维纳尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>55-138</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">）、诗人奥维德（公元</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US>43-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US>17</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">）均承认，我们的天性是脱落的。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn8" name=_ftnref8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑧</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">他从</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">齐瓦利尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·拉姆塞那里得知，印度教《吠陀经》和中国《易经》里均有英雄人物通过自己受苦赎罪的故事，许多其他世界宗教信仰者都承认神的化身并认识到只有通过神的恩宠才能获得德行。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn9" name=_ftnref9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑨]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹在他的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">《布兰克圣经》中提到，其他世界宗教有关神和女神的故事实际上是希伯来神和女神的变体。例如，希腊和罗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">马神话中的农神</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">萨图恩是亚当、诺亚和亚伯拉罕的变体；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">希腊和罗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">马神话中的大力神</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">赫尔克里士是约书亚、巴克斯和摩西的变体；古埃及的牛神阿皮斯和地神塞拉皮斯是约瑟夫故事的重述。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn10" name=_ftnref10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑩]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹提出他自己对复古神学的解释，认为其他世界宗教信仰者是通过神启“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">涓滴过程”获得真理的。在世界“起始时代”，各民族之父们直接或间接从神那里获得伟大宗教真理的启示。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn11" name=_ftnref11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[11]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN>然后，这些真理通过传统代代相传。不幸的是，宗教中也存在一种熵律。人类的局限和堕落不可避免地导致神的启示被歪曲，出现迷信与偶像崇拜。造成这一断裂的部分原因，可以归结于语言问题。所有原初民族，甚至包括</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高卢人、日耳曼人和不列颠人，都与埃及人一样用象形文字表示诺亚所教导的神圣事物。随着时间的推移，其他世界宗教信仰者将象征物与其原初的指示物相分离。结果造成“人们只记住了字母和符号，却忘记了这些字母和符号的精神及所指物”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn12" name=_ftnref12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[12]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">这是导致出现偶像崇拜与低劣迷信的原因，也是基督受难故事与其他世界宗教英雄传说何以如此相似的原因，因为其他世界宗教信仰者接受基督受难的象征，并将其应用到他们自己的先辈身上。因此，神圣真理的原初纯洁性不断削减，最终被世俗和魔鬼的大网所侵蚀。神利用犹太人阻止这一堕落过程，提醒其他世界宗教信仰者记住他们曾经从他们父辈那里学到的但后来遗忘了的传统。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn13" name=_ftnref13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[13]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></EM></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹对圣经选段做了评论，勾勒了基督教与其他世界宗教流变的历程。“真正宗教的知识在世界上流传了一段时间。不久，腐化与背教悄然兴起，黑暗笼罩了大片世界”。到了摩西时代，从前传统所教导的大部分真理丢失了。于是，“神意识到，也许某种新的东西，某种非常公开的、非常有名的、被全世界所看到和听到的东西，能够足以促使人们真诚探索真神”。因此，古代近东的异教民族听到了犹太人出埃及记、神为他们在荒野中显奇迹、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">约书亚征服迦南人、太阳站立不动的讯息。战败的迦南人逃往非洲、亚洲、欧洲和海岛，“将这些讯息带往各地，以便全世界都能听到这些喜讯”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn14" name=_ftnref14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[14]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在神的这些壮举之后，真正宗教的知识维持了几代人。但是，到了大卫时期，遗忘与歪曲又重演了。于是，神再次行动，这次是让大卫和所罗门“使他的人民、已经信奉真正宗教的以色列人在异教徒中彰显”。犹太人在巴比伦之囚后的流散将真神的知识传播得更远，结果“世界各族人民通过某种方式真诚而勤奋地探索真神的知识及其道路”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn15" name=_ftnref15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[15]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认识到，虽然其他世界宗教中包含“许多谬误”，但是复古神学告诉他，这些谬误中存在着足够的“真理”指引通向得救之路。其他世界宗教中既包含着创造者神的知识，也包含着救赎者神的知识。在这一点上，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹与早期改革宗学者不同。早期改革宗学者遵循加尔文学说，在创造者神的知识和救赎者神的知识之间做了区分。创造者神的知识是通过天性和良知赋予的，但是被罪所歪曲，而救赎者神的知识则是通过经典赋予的。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn16" name=_ftnref16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">早期改革宗学者在其他世界宗教中只看到创造者神的知识，没有看到救赎者神的知识。神的正义与善良没有受到当下传统的充分保护，因此，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹利用一个古老的传统使改革宗教会的历史得以更新。在乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的新历史中，在新的多元主义知识背景下，神依然正义和善良，因为救赎者神的知识从一开始就存在。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn17" name=_ftnref17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总之，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹对复古神学进行了吸收、融合与创新，认为基督教和其他世界宗教是共通的，都包含着创造者神的知识，也包含着救赎者神的知识。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">三、象征神学<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹用三大本笔记来专门阐述他的象征神学。第一本题为“象征”，第二本题为“神物的意象”，第三本题为“弥赛亚的象征”。这三本笔记都收入了《乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹文丛》第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卷《象征神学作品》。此外，其它笔记，如：《圣典注释》、《布兰克圣经》和《争议录》，也包含大量有关象征神学的内容。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的象征神学是对</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪启蒙运动时期的自然神论者的回应。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">世纪的自然神论者相信，他们揭穿了基督教神学的自命不凡的虚伪面具。约翰·托兰德（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1670-1722</SPAN>）、托马斯·褚伯（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1679-1764</SPAN>）、马修·廷达尔（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1657-1733</SPAN>）均认为，他们揭露了基督教传统的普世说教，指出基督教只局限于地球的一个小角落，并表明加尔文的思想是异想天开的想象的产物。自然神论者公开声明，基督教正统派的神并未在历史上也未在《圣经》中启示自己。真神的意志珍藏在几句简单的道德指令中，因此真神能够被人的心智所发现。而加尔文的神在现实世界中无处可寻，因为他的启示是虚构的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">自然神论者提出了挑战，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹用他的象征神学体系，即神所创造和允许的事物的标志体系做出应战。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹声明，神的本质就是通过这一体系表达自己，即在它所创造的天地万物中展现并传播自己，从而使它的创造物能够最终知道它的完美。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn18" name=_ftnref18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，只要是目所能及和耳所能闻的地方，神一直在表达着改革宗真理。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹指出：“象征是一种语言，事实上，神惯于用这种语言对我们讲话”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn19" name=_ftnref19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这些象征是用人物、地方和事物所表示的言词，它们可以在各种创造物中找到。因此，才有了以石头、花朵和星辰为象征的布道。神也用历史来说话，既用神圣的历史也用世俗的历史说话。他甚至用宗教的历史来说话，包括异教。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn20" name=_ftnref20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">神将真正宗教的象征种植在最终是虚假的宗教体系中，通过利用极具欺骗性的宗教来教导什么是真理，从而智胜了魔鬼。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">例如，“异教”用人做牺牲的习俗是魔鬼模仿神在人堕落后制定的动物牺牲的结果。牺牲并非是自然之光教导的，而是神在《创世纪》（<SPAN lang=EN-US>3:15</SPAN>）展示了他的恩典协约之后所教导的。神在《创世纪》（<SPAN lang=EN-US>3:21</SPAN>）中给人类始祖所穿的皮衣来自神所牺牲的动物。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn21" name=_ftnref21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">动物牺牲教导用安慰性牺牲来赎罪的必要性，而动物牺牲是《旧约》中基督的主要象征，这一象征启示给了所有“异教徒”。魔鬼模仿这一神圣象征，引导“异教徒”用人做牺牲，甚至用他们自己的儿子做牺牲。撒旦认为他“推进了他自己的利益”，战胜了神；但实际上神用策略战胜了魔鬼。神允许这一欺骗，因为通过这一欺骗，“魔鬼为异教世界接受耶稣基督这一用人做牺牲做好了准备”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn22" name=_ftnref22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同样，魔鬼诱使人们膜拜偶像，认为异教神灵与他们的形象结合在一起。神同样用这一欺骗为自己的目的服务，为异教徒接受化身观念做准备，这一观念在基督身上得到了完美地实现。“异教神灵与形象结合在一起，异教神话英雄由神而生，这种教义为他们接受道成肉身教义，即接受神寓于人的肉体内，神子通过圣灵的力量在一位童真女的子宫里孕育的教义做好了准备”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn23" name=_ftnref23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这样，在宗教史上，神两次用假宗教教导真宗教。具有讽刺意味的是，每次魔鬼的诡计都被神的智慧所战胜。用人做牺牲和偶像崇拜，这些被所有犹太教徒和基督教徒视为坏东西的习俗，被神的计划转化成为教育方法，为异教徒接受真正的宗教做准备。神象征性地用非基督教指向了基督教真理。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹清楚地表明，只有那些具有精神再生“心灵感”的人才能读懂神所创造的天地万物中的象征，才能读懂宗教史中的象征。他不时暗示，有些异教徒可能利用犹太教徒和他们自己的祖先所给予他们的光，再加上圣灵的光，他们能够理解象征。虽然他认为大多数异教徒可能从不理解象征，但是这并未使他无视其他世界宗教所包含的大量宗教真理。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn24" name=_ftnref24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所有宗教都富含真正宗教的象征，原因众多。第一个原因是，大多数宗教都具有相同的语源。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，基督教和异教都可以追溯到同一通用语言</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> - </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">象形文，它象征着“我们神圣宗教的奥秘”，最早的异教徒从古代传统中学习了象形文。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn25" name=_ftnref25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着时间的推移，符号的意义被遗忘了。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所有宗教都富含真正宗教的象征，还有另一个原因。各民族之父们主要是通过传统从神的教会的智者那里得到智慧的，而这些智者是以“象征和标志”的形式得到神旨的。“所有民族”的圣人都模仿这一用“寓言故事”和“象征标志”来表达神圣事物的做法，因此，他们用“比喻、谜语和象征物”来表达他们自己的智慧。这就是为什么“所有古代民族的祭司、先知和智者用他们的著作和演说、寓言和谜语、以及象征物来传达他们的预言，表达他们的知识和智慧”。这也是为什么埃及人和其他人使用“象形文表达神圣事物或有关他们的神灵和宗教的事物”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn26" name=_ftnref26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹将埃及的神圣书写（象形文）与“圣灵领导的圣人”联系起来。他相信，基督教和东方其他宗教之间有着重要的相似性。这些宗教之间的关系不是完全断裂的，而是沿着几条线延续的。它们具有相同的神秘结构，共同的语言来源和共同的象征形式。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此外，它们之间也存在着内容上的延续。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，异教徒被魔鬼赋予了对安慰性牺牲和道成肉身的初步理解。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的个人笔记中有几百页记录了异教徒与改革宗基督教徒相同的教义，包括三位一体、赎罪的“中介”神、最后审判、以及“万事万物的开始和产生都归因于爱”的观念。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn27" name=_ftnref27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所有这些异教观念要么歪曲了整个真理要么没有完全表达真理。但是，就它们都提出了救赎工作而言，它们是象征，就像用人做牺牲是基督献祭的象征一样。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，人们可以在所有宗教中找到通过犹太人和基督救赎的踪迹。例如，异</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">教神话中的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">巫师保护神萨图恩是被歪曲了的诺亚的重塑，或者说是诺亚的“影子”。酒神巴克斯是有关</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">宁录</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、<SPAN style="COLOR: black">摩西和希伯来神的故事的异教混合。因为“失明的异教徒”听说过摩西的英勇行为属于神，他们将他称为巴克斯。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大力神</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">赫尔克里士实际上是约书亚，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">海神尼普顿</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">实际上是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">雅弗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">，而传说中的中国人之父伏羲实际上是诺亚。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn28" name=_ftnref28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[28]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">因此，对</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹来说，基督教信仰可以被看作是一个包括其他所有宗教的漫长连续体的终点，而不是在本质上与其他宗教完全分离的、类别完全不同的宗教。说它是终点，是因为只有它明确地提出了真正的现实，即基督的救赎工作。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总之，基督教与其他世界宗教在本质上是相同的，具有相同的象征形式。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、救赎神学</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹探索基督教与其他世界宗教关系的第三个途径是救赎神学，特别是性情救赎神学。在乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹看来，人之所以为人，其本质就在于他具有某种“性情”，这一“性情”在一种或多种“习惯”中得以体现。“神圣性情”，即精神再生性情，是“一种积极的、导致因果关系的力量”，如果有机会被付诸实践，它必定会产生神圣的效果。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn29" name=_ftnref29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这些行为或效果是什么？换言之，精神再生性情是什么样子？乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹在他生涯早期就回答了这个问题，在后来的岁月里，他从未偏离其基本要点。他认为，“从世界伊始”，基督教徒、犹太教徒和其他世界宗教信徒就具有共通的东西，即“一种对罪的危险感，对神怒的恐惧感。他们只信任神的仁慈，对他们的罪深表哀痛”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn30" name=_ftnref30><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[30]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，正是这一内在宗教意识（性情）是救赎所必要的唯一的东西。这揭示了乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹有关得救思想的一个重要结构，即性情比宗教行为和道德行为更重要。因为，救赎性情的品格是恒久的，而宗教和道德期望则根据启示的程度不同而不同。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn31" name=_ftnref31><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[31]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹看来，没有其他什么特殊行为是必要的，甚至接受基督的行为也不是必要的。皈依中最基本的要素是某种性情，而通过接受基督来表达这一性情的方式则是第二位的，只有性情是首要的。如他所说，“性情可以说是唯一绝对必要的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接受基督</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的行为不能被证明是绝对必要的。只有性情或原则是神所关注的东西”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn32" name=_ftnref32><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[32]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹用犹太教徒做例子来说明这一点。犹太教徒并未自觉地或明确地接受基督，但是他们却具有适当的性情，唯有这一性情是得救所必需的。“毋容置疑，许多古代犹太人在基督降生之前已经得救了，他们并未践行有些神所认为必需的行为，因为他们没有这样的场合，也没有这样的坏境；但是，毫无疑问，他们具有性情，只有性情才是绝对必要的，在任何时间，任何情况下，都是绝对必要的”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn33" name=_ftnref33><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[33]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹对异教徒的宗教知识和美德进行了反思。他认为，有些异教徒比许多《旧约》圣人更具有宗教知识，甚至美德。在详细描述许多异教徒思想的一段摘录的末尾，他补充道“所有主要的哲学家都有正确的美德观和宗教观”。例如，希腊和罗马道德主义者知道，应该爱并宽恕敌人，以德报怨。其他异教哲学家知道恩典对于美德的必要性、三位一体、道成肉身、通过中介神的受苦而得救。例如，伟大的异教徒哲学家苏格拉底崇拜真正的神，因为他得到自然之光的引领，而柏拉图和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">塞内加</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">知道，没有神的恩典，不可能获得美德。甚至穆斯林波斯人和土耳其人也知道真正的谦卑和对神的无私的爱。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn34" name=_ftnref34><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[34]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对异教徒的宗教知识和美德的反思，促使乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹重新思考他对神灵赦罪和精神再生的观点。他认为神灵赦罪和精神再生是终生的过程，而不是瞬间的事件。耶稣的门徒在他们遇到基督之前就是“好人”，“已经具有追随基督的性情”。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">收税员扎凯厄斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和迦南的妇女们也是“好人”，也“具备了追随基督的性情”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn35" name=_ftnref35><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[35]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">如果有些人因为他们在通过外在形式皈依基督之前就具有一种精神再生性情因而是“好人”，那么这种皈依也许是在他们已经精神再生之后才实现的。在这种情况下，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神灵赦罪</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">在某种意义上已经成为事实，但</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">神灵赦罪</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">的条件在皈依之后仍旧有待实现。因此，圣徒仍然处于一种见习期状态，直到他们生命结束。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn36" name=_ftnref36><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[36]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">如果精神再生和神灵赦罪可以被看作是逐段展开的过程，如果人们因此可以在皈依之前成为圣徒，那么这就奠定了这样的神学基础，即其他世界宗教信徒（异教徒）如果具有真正的性情就可以在接受基督之前成为圣徒。如果他们对基督的知识不完全，可能是因为他们仍然处在精神再生和神灵赦罪的初级阶段。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹描述了四种没有具备明确的基督知识而得救的人，对这四种人来说，救赎以性情为基础，性情是他们永恒命运的关键标志。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一种人是婴儿。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，婴儿一出生可以在不知道基督的情况下就获得精神再生。“婴儿心中具有信仰基督的性情，一旦他有能力和机会就会信仰基督，这样的婴儿就会得到关注和接受，仿佛他实际上已经信仰了基督，因此通过基督被赋予了永恒的生命”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn37" name=_ftnref37><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[37]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为婴儿的情形类似于</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">其他世界宗教信徒（异教徒）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的情形，因为两者都不具备完整的神启的知识。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二种人是《旧约》圣徒。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，每当神向以色列人展现自己时，正是“三位一体中的第二位”作为“暂时得救的作者”出现在他们面前。因此，他们已经在某种意义上信仰了基督，并因为信仰基督而得救。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹曾说，从邪恶转向正义，在《旧约》时代正如在《新约》时代一样“频繁”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn38" name=_ftnref38><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[38]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">换言之，在《旧约》时代，真正的信仰在那些没有公开向基督之名宣信的人中大量存在。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三种人是《新约》使徒。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">科尼利厄斯、纳撒尼尔、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">约翰的两个弟子、以及其他几个使徒，在遇到基督之前都是“好人，因为当基督第一次以人的形象出现在他们面前时，他们似乎已经处于追随基督的性情之中”。也就是说，一个人在皈依基督之前有可能得到神灵赦罪。在这一点上，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹回到了他在生涯早期得出的推论，即“由于缺乏时机或其他原因，一个人可能具有自身性情一段时间之后，才能够实际感觉到它（运用这一性情）”。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn39" name=_ftnref39><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[39]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第四种人是神圣异教徒。乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹在有关救赎工作历史的布道中断言，皈依真正的宗教、神灵赦罪、赞美神，出现在人类堕落之后的世界各个时期，他引用了生活在以色列之外的神圣异教徒的例子。这些神圣异教徒都是与以色列民族盟约之外的个人，当然没有明确的基督的知识，但却似乎被神灵赦罪。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn40" name=_ftnref40><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[40]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在他生命的末期，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹在一本笔记中辩驳自然神论者的理性观。他断言，理性可以确证许多宗教真理，但是却不能独自发现真理。然后，他思考了自然神论者的反对意见，即大多数人没有受益于神启。他回答说，存在着异教徒与神“和解”、从而获得神启的益处的“可能性”，因为“绝大部分异教世界并未只留给了自然之光”。他们通过传统从他们祖先那里得到了神启，从犹太教徒那里借鉴了神启。因为神启的途径是具备的，因此一些人可能具有得救的天性并顺从了神，这在理论上是可能的。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn41" name=_ftnref41><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[41]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总之，基督教与其他世界宗教有共通性，所有宗教信徒都具有精神再生的性情，都有可能获得神灵赦罪和得救。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、结语</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹有关基督教与其他世界宗教关系的思考，超越了其改革宗先辈，为得救学说打开了一扇门。他对复古神学的广泛使用，他在象征神学方面的推进，他对性情救赎神学的发展，在神学上为更加广阔的得救观铺垫了道路。他用这些发展来证明，基督教与其他世界宗教具有共通性，与基督教一样，其他世界宗教中同样具有伟大的宗教真理的知识，这超越了改革宗先辈弗朗西斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·杜里廷（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1623-1687</SPAN>）和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">皮特鲁斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·冯·马斯特里奇（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1630-1706</SPAN>）的主张。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn42" name=_ftnref42><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[42]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>需要指出的是，在得救问题上，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">只承认存在异教徒得救的“可能性”，并未像约翰·思凯尔顿（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1460-1529</SPAN>）、理查德·巴克斯特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1615-1691</SPAN>）、约翰·威斯利（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1703-1791</SPAN>）等人那样明确表示异教徒能够得救。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn43" name=_ftnref43><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[43]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>因此，虽然</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">为一种更有前景的得救学说的建立奠定了神学基础，但是他本人从没有抉择建立这一学说。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">对</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹来说，异教徒顺从神的可能性（由于复古神学，各个宗教中的神的象征，以及性情救赎神学）和只有少数精英异教徒已经得救的可能性之间并没有什么不一致的地方。因为，这是他所理解的《圣经》的见证。《圣经》的神圣作者在圣灵的感召下，塑造了一个神通过犹太历史和耶稣基督显示自己的世界。得救向所有人开放，但是只能通过犹太教和基督教历史事件。世间的大多数人听到了这些事件的讯息，但是很少有人听进去。因此，世界的黑暗和错觉是悲惨的，但是并非不公平。历史是人的灵魂的镜子：能够看到宇宙真理，但却不占用这些真理。因此，神对其他世界宗教信徒（异教徒）提供了启示。人们应该满足于窥见了神灵智慧的不可思议的圣地，应该相信神统治宇宙的平衡最终是公正的。因此，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为，自然神论者的责难被驳回了，神的光荣得到了进一步扩大。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在宗教多元主义语境下，很难对乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹予以定位。与今天所谓的包容主义者不同，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹从未明确表示有一些异教徒得救了。与今天的排外主义者（也称为限制主义者）不同，他至少为临死之前尚未承认耶稣基督的非基督教徒的得救奠定了神学基础；他甚至以今天看来有些含糊其辞的话暗示了这种可能性。与多元主义者不同，他将耶稣基督视为唯一的救主，将与救主合一视为与神合一的唯一途径。与大多数福音派不同，乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹认为三位一体神不仅存在于非基督教宗教的历史之中，而且通过非基督教宗教的历史揭示了真理。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹在去世前不久曾计划写一部“伟大著作”。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn44" name=_ftnref44><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[44]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>可惜，这一宏伟设想由于他的突然病逝未能付诸实施。这不能不说是宗教学和神学界的莫大遗憾。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">没有在天花接种时突然离世，毫无疑问，他对基督教与其他世界宗教关系的思考会更加深入。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> David W. Kling and Douglas A. Sweeney, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards At Home and Abroad: History Memories, Cultural Movements, Global Horizons, </I><st1:City w:st="on">Columbia</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">South Carolina</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> Press, 2003, Introduction XIX. </FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> Gerald R. McDermott,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Understanding Jonathan Edwards: An Introduction to America’s Theologian, </I><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp.177-200.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref3" name=_ftn3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Peter J. Thuesen</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 26: Catalogues of</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Books,</I> <st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Yale</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> Press, 2008.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref4" name=_ftn4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">④</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有关复古神学，请参看</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jean Seznec,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> The Survival of the Pagan Gods: The Mythological Tradition and Its Place in Renaissance Humanism and <st1:City w:st="on">Art</st1:City>,</I> <st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State>: Bollingen, 1953; Frances A. Yates, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition,</I> <st1:City w:st="on">Chicago</st1:City>: <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Chicago</st1:PlaceName> Press, 1964; D.P. Walker, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Ancient Theology: Studies in Christian Platonism from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>: Duckworth, 1972; Arthur J. Droze, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Homer or Moses? Early Christian Interpretations of the History of Culture, </I><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Tubingen</st1:City></st1:place>: J.C.B. Mohr, 1989.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn5>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref5" name=_ftn5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑤</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN style="COLOR: black">Jesuit Figurist</SPAN></FONT>，索隐派，尊经派，易经派，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">因视《易经》为预言书、或坚持以象征和图象解释中国经典而得名。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn6>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref6" name=_ftn6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑥</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> Norman Fiering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Moral Philosophy at the Seventeenth-Century Harvard,</I> <st1:City w:st="on">Williamsburg</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Institute</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Early American History</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> and Culture, 1981, p.15.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn7>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref7" name=_ftn7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑦</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Amy Plantinga Pauw</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 20: The "Miscellanies,"</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">833-1152, </I><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2002, p.362.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn8>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref8" name=_ftn8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑧</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Amy Plantinga Pauw</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 20: The "Miscellanies,"</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">833-1152, </I><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 2002, p.412.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn9>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref9" name=_ftn9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑨</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Douglas A. Sweeney</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 23: The "Miscellanies," 1153–1360,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 2004, p.323.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref10" name=_ftn10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑩</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Stephen Stein</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 24: The Blank Bible,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2006, pp.126-130.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref11" name=_ftn11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[11]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Amy Plantinga Pauw</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 20: The "Miscellanies,"</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">833-1152, </I><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2002, p.201.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn12>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref12" name=_ftn12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[12]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Douglas A. Sweeney</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 23: The "Miscellanies," 1153–1360,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2004, p.40.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn13>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref13" name=_ftn13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[13]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.180.<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></I></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn14>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref14" name=_ftn14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Stephen J. Stein</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 15: Notes on Scripture,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1998, pp.26-27.<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></I></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn15>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref15" name=_ftn15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Stephen J. Stein</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 15: Notes on Scripture,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1998, p.69.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn16>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref16" name=_ftn16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> Richard Muller, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, volume 1, Prolegomena to Theology,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:City></st1:place>: Baker Books, 1987, pp.119-120.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn17>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref17" name=_ftn17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>M. X. Lesser</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 19: Sermons and Discourses, 1734-1738,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2001, p.713.<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></I></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn18>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref18" name=_ftn18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Paul Ramsay</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 8: Ethical Writings,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1989, pp.430-435.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn19>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref19" name=_ftn19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.150.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn20>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref20" name=_ftn20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> Gerald R. McDermott, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Can Evangelicals Learn From World Religion? Jesus, Revelation &amp; Religious Traditions, </I><st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Illinois</st1:place></st1:State>: Inter Varsity Press, 2000, p.104.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn21>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref21" name=_ftn21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>John F. Wilson</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 9: A History of the Work of Redemption,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1989, pp.134-136.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn22>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref22" name=_ftn22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> Gerald R. McDermott, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Can Evangelicals Learn From World Religion? Jesus, Revelation &amp; Religious Traditions, </I><st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Illinois</st1:place></st1:State>: Inter Varsity Press, 2000, p.107.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn23>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref23" name=_ftn23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.307.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn24>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref24" name=_ftn24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wilson H. Kimnach</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 10: Sermons and Discourses, 1720-1723,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.594.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn25>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref25" name=_ftn25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Douglas A. Sweeney</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 23: The "Miscellanies," 1153–1360,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2004, p.33.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn26>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref26" name=_ftn26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1993, pp.193-194.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn27>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref27" name=_ftn27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, pp.101-118.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn28>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref28" name=_ftn28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[28]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Stephen J. Stein</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 15: Notes on Scripture,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1998, p.241.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn29>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref29" name=_ftn29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.241.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn30>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref30" name=_ftn30><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[30]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.39.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn31>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref31" name=_ftn31><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[31]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>David D. Hall</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 12: Ecclesiastical Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.281.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn32>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref32" name=_ftn32><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[32]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.30.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn33>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref33" name=_ftn33><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[33]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.27.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn34>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref34" name=_ftn34><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[34]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Douglas A. Sweeney</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 23: The "Miscellanies," 1153–1360,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2004, pp.323, 433, 443. </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn35>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref35" name=_ftn35><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[35]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Amy Plantinga Pauw</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 20: The "Miscellanies,"</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">833-1152, </I><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Yale</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> Press, 2002, p. 32. </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.353.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn36>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref36" name=_ftn36><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[36]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Amy Plantinga Pauw</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 20: The "Miscellanies,"</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">833-1152, </I><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Yale</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> Press, 2002, p. 47.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn37>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref37" name=_ftn37><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[37]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Sang Hyun Lee</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 21: Writings on the Trinity, Grace, and Fait, </I><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2002, p.65.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn38>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref38" name=_ftn38><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[38]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.39.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn39>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref39" name=_ftn39><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[39]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 13: The "Miscellanies",</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, p.28.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn40>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref40" name=_ftn40><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[40]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> J</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>ohn F. Wilson</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 9: A History of the Work of Redemption,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1989, p.179.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn41>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref41" name=_ftn41><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[41]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Douglas A. Sweeney</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> ed. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 23: The "Miscellanies," 1153–1360,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2004, p.443.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn42>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref42" name=_ftn42><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[42]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Francis Turretin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Institutes of Elenctic Theology, Volume 1</I>, translated by George Musgrave Giger, edited by James T. Dennison, Jr., Phillipsburg: P&amp;R Publishing, 1992, pp.9-16.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn43>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref43" name=_ftn43><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[43]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> David Pailin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Attitudes to Other Religions: Comparative Religion in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century <st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region>,</SPAN></I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">UK</st1:country-region></st1:place>: Manchester University Press, 1984, p.48.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: footnote" id=ftn44>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634359003000312500664329&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftnref44" name=_ftn44><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[44]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=2 face="Times New Roman"> Nathan O. Hatch and Harry S. Stout, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 1988, p.126.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>]]></description><author>尚劝余</author><pubDate>2011-3-16 19:26:53</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[乔纳森·爱德华兹宗教美学思想初探]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1005049969.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[<P>通常认为，乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是18世纪美国大觉醒运动的领导者，是公认的美国历史上最伟大的神学家。其实，人们往往忽视了一点，乔纳森·爱德华兹也是美国历史上杰出的宗教美学家。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[①]</FONT></U></A> 美与领悟美是乔纳森·爱德华兹神学思想的核心观念，在乔纳森·爱德华兹神学体系中扮演着重要角色。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[②]</FONT></U></A>&nbsp;<WBR>本文综合西方学者的研究成果，就乔纳森·爱德华兹的宗教美学思想做一初步探讨。</P>
<P align=center><B>一、美的概念与类别</B></P>
<P>什么是美？美的类别为何？这是乔纳森·爱德华兹宗教美学思想的基本要素，也是乔纳森·爱德华兹宗教美学首先要回答的问题。</P>
<P>什么是美？乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，美就是相关事物的相似性或同一性。相关事物的相似性或同一性既是美的概念，也是美的根本特性。用乔纳森·爱德华兹自己的话说，“美无不内在于各种关系的相似性或同一性中”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[④]</FONT></U></A> 换言之，美与一个事物和另一个事物之间的“相似”性相关。此外，乔纳森·爱德华兹也使用 “和谐”、“一致”、“认同”、“匀称”、“对称”、“等比”等词来界定美的根本特性。也就是说，在乔纳森·爱德华兹看来，美的概念和基本特性就是：美是一个事物本身不同组成部分或者一个事物与另一个事物之间的和谐、匀称、对称、等比、相似、认同、同一、一致。</P>
<P>那么，美可以分为哪些类别呢？首先，乔纳森·爱德华兹将美分为“简单美”和“复杂美”。一种简单的“一致”或“匀称”就是一种“简单的美”，例如，两个红色苹果之间的相似与一致就是“简单美”。而一种复杂的“匀称”或“和谐”就是“复杂美”，例如一张美丽动人的人脸，例如一个社会或体系的不同成员在有意或无意的一致中结合在一起。当然，作为一种复杂关系的呈现，美也可能包含局部的不协调或不一致。例如，一张美丽动人的人脸可能有一些局部的不协调，但是如果脸的总体轮廓匀称协调，那么它就是一种更高级的复杂的美，而非一种简单的一致。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑤]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>其次，乔纳森·爱德华兹将美分为“主要美”和“次要美”。“主要美”是有感知的生灵之间的“一致”或“认同”，也就是人类之间的“一致”或“认同”。乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，“认同”一词实际上意味着“爱”，真正的认同永远要求互爱和互悦。而自然界中非人类的事物之间的和谐则属于“次要美”。换言之，“次要美”存在于无生命的事物中，“体现在不同事物在形式、方式、数量、目的或结构等方面的互相认同和一致中，可以称之为整齐、有序、统一、对称、等比、和谐等”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑥]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>再次，乔纳森·爱德华兹将美分为“精神美”和“物质美”。乔纳森·爱德华兹在“世界之美”一文中，描述了精神美和物质美。“世界之美包含于沁人心脾的互相一致中，既包括世界本身的互相一致，也包括世界与‘最高存在’的互相一致。物质世界虽然有其他许多种一致，但是最甜蜜和最动人的美是它与精神美的相似。原因在于，精神美是最伟大的美，而肉体作为生物的影子之所以迷人是因为它们是精神美的象征”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn7" name=_ftnref7><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑦]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>那么，“简单美”、“复杂美”、“主要美”、“次要美”、“物质美”、“精神美”之间的关系如何？在乔纳森·爱德华兹看来，首先，有感知的生灵之间的一致、大脑和心灵之间的一致、人和“最高存在”（神）之间的一致是一种“复杂美”和“主要美”,其中大脑和心灵之间的一致、人和“最高存在”（神）之间的一致同时也是一种“精神美”，自然界中无生命的事物之间的一致则是一种“简单美”、“次要美”和“物质美”<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn8" name=_ftnref8><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑧]</FONT></U></A>；其次，“复杂美”、“主要美”和“精神美”是一种比“简单美”、“次要美”和“物质美”更加高级的美，“简单美”、“次要美”和“物质美”是“复杂美”、“主要美”和“精神美”的“意象”或“影子”。也就是说，树木与河流等自然物之美是人与人之间、人与神之间、大脑与心灵之间认同与一致的反映。</P>
<P>正是这些美“确立了自然法则，由于这个自然法则，一颗美丽的植物的统一和相似，一幢规整的建筑物各个部分的相互关联，一首悦耳的乐曲的各个音符的一致或和谐，都显得非常美丽；因为其中蕴含着大脑认同的意象，蕴含着社会不同成员认同的意象、蕴含着智力生物体系认同的意象，甜美地结合在心灵的一致之中”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn9" name=_ftnref9><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑨]</FONT></U></A> 那么，这一切美的源泉和基础是什么？</P>
<P align=center><B>二、美的源泉与基础</B></P>
<P>美的源泉和基础何在？乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，神是真正的美，是美本身，是一切美的基础和源泉，是一切美的标准。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn10" name=_ftnref10><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑩]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>神最显著的特征是神性美，正如万物的基本特性是美一样。乔纳森·爱德华兹这样说过：“神之所以为神，神之所以有别于并高于其他所有生物，就在于他的神性美，神性美有别于其他一切美”。神性美就是“真正的神性观念赖以存在之所系”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn11" name=_ftnref11><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[11]</FONT></U></A> 在一切美的形式中，神性美是最高形式的美，由最复杂的关系形式构成。神性美作为真正的美，是一种“完全超越自然之上”的超然美，因为神性美比我们通常所体验的任何美都更美，与我们通常所体验的任何美都不同。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn12" name=_ftnref12><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[12]</FONT></U></A> 然而，神性美与人类体验范围内的美有着连续性，因为神性美虽然完全超越于自然之上，但仍然是一种“匀称”，与我们所体验的任何匀称的比例关系一样。如果不是这样，那么人类原则上就不可能体验神性美。</P>
<P>那么，如何理解神性美是一切美的源泉、基础和标准呢？乔纳森·爱德华兹的回答是，神性美是“真正的”美，世界上其他一切美的关系，例如人类之间爱的关系和自然界的美，实际上都是神性美的“意象或影子”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn13" name=_ftnref13><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[13]</FONT></U></A> 因此，为了真正领悟世界上的美，首先就要领悟神性美，然后领悟其他美与神性美的“和谐”或“契合”。他曾说：“有关某一事物本身的美或少数事物的美是一种虚假的美，一种有限的美”，而“有关普遍事物的美则是一种延伸的美，是一种真正的美”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn14" name=_ftnref14><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></U></A> “复杂美”是一种比“简单美”更高级的美，然而，复杂性和延伸性本身并不能成为美的真正标准。一种高度延伸的关系如果与神性美不保持和谐，那么就是一种歪曲的美。神不仅本身就是美，而且可以美化万物，使万物变美，因此，神是一切美的“源泉”、“基础”和“标准”。</P>
<P>在这个意义上，也可以说神是一种将他的美传递给其他事物的性情，一种力量。如乔纳森·爱德华兹所说，“神本质上是一种美化万物的性情或力量”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn15" name=_ftnref15><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></U></A> 这一神性性情内在于神本身，内在于“三位一体”神之中。神的自身美以及传递美的这一性情首先体现在“圣父”身上，之后体现在圣父对“圣子”的爱上。“圣父”与“圣子”之间的互爱就是“圣灵”。因此，在神的内在机体内，神实际上就是爱，也是爱的完美重复或传递。因此，神在其内在生命中是永恒的无限完美的最高美和美的传递。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn16" name=_ftnref16><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></U></A> 也就是说，乔纳森·爱德华兹的美学理论是以三位一体神为内核和基础的。普兰丁格·孔雀指出，“三位一体处于乔纳森·爱德华兹美学观的核心位置”。她引用了乔纳森·爱德华兹的话，“单一的东西不可能至美，因为，这样的话，就不可能有认同。因此，如果神是至美的，那么神必定有多元性；否则，在神那里不可能有认同”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn17" name=_ftnref17><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>既然美及其传递在神那里是无限完美，那么为什么神要创造世界？答案就在于乔纳森·爱德华兹的作为传递美的永恒性情的神的概念中。虽然神是神性美的充分而完美的实现，但是神的精髓依旧在于其传递美的神性性情。在神的身上，实现与性情相一致。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn18" name=_ftnref18><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></U></A> 虽然神之为神已经很完美了，但神力求将美传递到他本身以外，以完成其传递美的性情。这一性情就是神创造世界的原因，即传递真正的美或爱。在创造世界的时候，神必定有一个目的或目标。这个目的或目标必定是至善或者任何最有价值的东西。然而，神本身就是至善。那么，至善神在创造世界时的目的到底是什么？乔纳森·爱德华兹的回答是，神创造世界的目的就是在空间和时间中“增强、重复或扩大”他的美。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn19" name=_ftnref19><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>于是，神创造了有智慧的生物和宇宙自然万物。创造有智慧的生物的目的在于，他们可以参与和促进神创事业。由于神圣化了的人类知晓并热爱神的美，并通过热爱其他生物实践神的美，因此神的内在完美在时间和空间上得到了重复。在时间和空间中重复神的完美，将是一个永无止境的过程。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn20" name=_ftnref20><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></U></A> 之所以如此是因为，神的完美是无限的，不可能在一个有限的时期内在时间和空间上得到充分地重复。因此，在末世的时候，罪恶的世界将会消失，但历史本身将会在“新天新地”中继续。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn21" name=_ftnref21><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></U></A> 天包括时间和空间，也象征着人类。神在时间和空间中重复他的完美的过程，将在天中持续，永不止息。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn22" name=_ftnref22><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></U></A> 人类享有参与神在时间和空间中重复他的美的尊严。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn23" name=_ftnref23><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P align=center><B>三、美的感悟与体验</B></P>
<P>如何感悟或体验美？乔纳森·爱德华兹的回答是，大脑通过感官和自我反射被动地接受感官信息，然后主动地条理化这些信息，从而使这些信息关系清晰地呈现在大脑中。因此，感悟和体验美是大脑接受感官信息的被动行为与条理化这些信息的主动行为之间合作的结果。也就是说，感悟或体验美不是一个概念或逻辑过程，而是一个大脑瞬间的直觉（不是推理或逐步）作用的过程。这也就是为什么乔纳森·爱德华兹将大脑对美的感悟或体验称之为“心灵感觉”（亦即第六感觉）的原因。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn24" name=_ftnref24><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹感悟美和体验美的思想是对约翰·洛克思想的传承与发展。与约翰·洛克一样，乔纳森·爱德华兹认为知识必须建立在对世界的实际体验基础之上。知识必须以直接来自世界的“简单观念”为基础，然后在大脑中进行反省。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn25" name=_ftnref25><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></U></A> 约翰·洛克没有解释大脑如何体验这些简单的感官观念的关系，也没有详细分析大脑将直觉到的这些简单观念关系结合成复杂思想的机制。在这一点上，乔纳森·爱德华兹对西方哲学中如何理解知识和感悟美做出了重要贡献。他认为，知识的获得不仅仅是通过被动地接受来自世界的感官观念，而且是通过大脑主动地条理化这些观念，使它们在大脑中呈现它们在世界中原本的相互关系。因此，并不是大脑将关系强加给了感官观念，而是大脑的条理化活动使得感官观念在进入大脑时已经确立的关系在大脑中明晰化。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn26" name=_ftnref26><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>那么，大脑如何条理化通过感官被动地接收到的简单观念？大脑如何通过条理化感官观念使得它们彼此联系从而对感官观念做出正确回应？乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，大脑通过重复体验将观念联系起来进行观察，从而获得将某些观念联系在一起的习惯或性情。而且，大脑生性倾向于将感官观念条理化为相近关系，如时空、因果、相似或和谐关系。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn27" name=_ftnref27><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></U></A> 大脑生性倾向于将感官观念条理化为因果关系、和谐关系和时空关系，这在本质上具有普遍性和一般性。同时，大脑通过重复体验也获得将某些特殊观念条理化为某种特殊因果关系或其他关系的“特殊”习惯。例如，通过重复体验用火柴棒撞击某个物面而产生火焰，将观念条理化为因果关系的一般习惯就变成了将火柴棒撞击某个物面而产生火焰的行为联系为一个因和一个果的特殊习惯。每当人们用火柴棒撞击某个物面，大脑便想到了产生火焰。通过重复体验苹果彼此相似，将观念条理化为相似关系的一般习惯就变成了将苹果在相似关系中予以总体思考的特殊习惯。大脑就会习惯性地将苹果条理化为同一类。通过重复体验约翰和简爱紧密关系，将观念条理化为相近关系的一般习惯就变成了每当看到简爱就会想起约翰的特殊习惯。</P>
<P>在乔纳森·爱德华兹看来，大脑对美的感悟不同于概念化、观念化和抽象化的知识。他将美学感悟称之为“心灵感觉”或感性知识。它是一种直接知识，没有经过理性加工，没有经过逻辑或概念思考。乔纳森·爱德华兹以树为例，揭示了大脑对美的感悟。第一，大脑被动地接收到树的各部分的简单感官观念，如树叶，树枝，树干，树梢嫩叶反射的阳光。第二，大脑本能地习惯性地将接收到的树的简单观念聚合在一起，并将这些简单观念条理化成美的图景呈现在大脑中。第三，由于大脑习惯决定自我力量的方向，因此具有欣赏美的习惯的大脑会看到简单思想的结合，并对树的美产生“生动的喜爱”。这种大脑对树的美的感受是一种对树的美的由衷的喜悦的感情。这就是乔纳森·爱德华兹所说的“心灵感觉”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn28" name=_ftnref28><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[28]</FONT></U></A> 正是通过大脑的条理化活动，外在于大脑的美才能被“接收”进入大脑。在这里，主动与被动相汇合。对美的感悟犹如一种“感情”，通过这一感情大脑将美的客观事实接收到大脑之内。</P>
<P>那么，大脑对美的观念进行条理化的活动到底是什么？乔纳森·爱德华兹的回答是想象。想象就是大脑条理化美的活动，正是想象使得美被大脑和心灵所感悟。想象就是大脑的性情或习惯在运作，在起作用。大脑的性情或习惯是整个人的自我的方向，包括理解和感情。因此，当一个人感悟和体验美的时候，他的理解便融入了对感官观念的接收中，他的感情也融入了大脑对接收到的美的喜悦中。这样，他整个人也就变成了体验美的感官或感悟美的活动。</P>
<P align=center><B>四、神性美的感悟与体验</B></P>
<P>神性美是一切美的基础和源泉，只有当一切美作为神性美的意象被感知的时候，美的真正本质才能被感悟。</P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，人的大脑没有“认识”神性美的特殊习惯或性情，因此不能将“神圣事物”的简单观念条理化成被大脑感悟的超然神性美。这一大脑性情或习惯不能通过重复体验神性美而获得，因为大脑习惯没有将神圣事物观念条理化为神圣美的能力。换言之，大脑习惯没有能力“认识”神性美，也没有能力将观念条理化为神性美关系。也就是说，大脑的一般性情或习惯不可能发展成为将与神性美相关的观念条理化为与神性美相关的关系。之所以如此是因为，有限的大脑不可能“认识”神性美一类的相似或匀称关系从而懂得在这种相似与匀称关系中条理化观念。在亚当和夏娃堕落之前，人类被赋予了这种知晓神性美的能力。然而，亚当和夏娃堕落之后，人类就丧失了这一能力，而且这种能力不可能因为人的努力而恢复。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn29" name=_ftnref29><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>那么，堕落的人类如何才能获得知晓和愉悦神性美的能力，从而推动神创造世界和人类的目的呢？在这一点上，哲学和神学异曲同工，殊途同归。换言之，知晓真正的美（哲学），与获得救赎（神学）是同一回事。为了救赎堕落的人类使他们重返正途，以便他们能够推动神创造世界的目的，“三位一体”神发起了救赎工作。“圣父”安排了这一工作，“圣子”道成肉身，生活、死亡并复活，完美地体现了神爱的美。换言之，神的超然美对那些有能力看到它的人来说，在时间和空间上是“可见”的。可以说，耶稣基督为皈依者理解神性美提供了“钥匙”，神性美在自然界和历史中反射和重复。但是，堕落的人类仍然不具备以神性美的方式条理化耶稣基督的感官观念的性情和习惯。于是，“圣灵”降临到选民身上，内在于他们之中，作用于他们之中，“采取自然习惯的方式，赋予灵魂以神圣行为的性情”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn30" name=_ftnref30><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[30]</FONT></U></A> 换句话说，“圣灵”作用于皈依者的想象，并通过想象，使得他的大脑能够以神性美的方式条理化神圣事物的观念。</P>
<P>必须注意的是，对乔纳森·爱德华兹来说，“知”与“在”不可分割地联系在一起。皈依者的精髓在于人的性情，这一性情受到内在神性性情的支配。本体存在的性情是一种趋向，在一种或多种习惯中得以体现。这个趋向即使在没有机会被付诸实践的情况下依然存在，而一旦有了机会，它总会展现自己。当乔纳森·爱德华兹谈到“神性性情”，他指的是“一种积极的、导致因果关系的力量”，如果有机会被付诸实践，它必定会产生神圣的效果。如乔纳森·爱德华兹所说：“一切习惯都是神所规定的法则，当产生特定情况下的特定行为”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn31" name=_ftnref31><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[31]</FONT></U></A> 换言之，本体存在的性情是一个机体的永恒特性，但这一性情有待付诸实践，只有付诸实践，这一性情才会成为现实。例如，当一个基督徒爱他的邻居的性情只停留为性情，他对邻居的实际的爱只不过是“一种真实的可能性”。但是，当这一性情付诸实践，他对邻居的爱便成为了现实。再者，皈依者获得了神性性情，这一性情成为一种新的人的性情。因此，神的生命在人的生命中得以“重复”。当皈依者在基督身上感悟到并愉悦于神的真正的美并像基督教导的那样去爱他的邻居的时候，这个皈依者的基督徒性情便得到了实践，他便第一次成为一个真正的完整的人，第一次成为神所希望的人。与此同时，神的内在三位一体美通过这位基督徒的行为得到了表达和重复，这位基督徒的行为受到了神性性情的支配。</P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，自然宇宙被创造成无数个神的美的意象。但是自然宇宙不会知晓和爱，它的存在如何能够被真正现实化？乔纳森·爱德华兹的回答是，自然宇宙的真正现实化是通过皈依者将自然宇宙感悟成神的美的意象而实现的。也就是说，当皈依者感悟到并愉悦于一棵树的美的时候，这棵树的整个使命就得以实现。只有皈依者将这棵树作为神的美的意象加以知晓和爱，才会有这样的效果。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn32" name=_ftnref32><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[32]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>当皈依者知晓并热爱神的美，当自然宇宙被皈依者作为神的美的意象加以知晓并喜爱的时候，三位一体内的神的知识和美便在时间和空间中得到了重复与延伸。从而，神创造宇宙万物的目的便实现了，这一目的就是在时间和空间中重复神的内在荣光。从而，神的外在生命也就得以现实化。简言之，人对神的美的知晓与热爱实现了神创造世界的目的，并借此参与了神在时间和空间中自我交流和自我扩展的事业。神在时间和空间中重复和扩展神的内在美的历程是永无止境的。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn33" name=_ftnref33><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[33]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P align=center><B>五、结语</B></P>
<P>总之，美与领悟美是乔纳森·爱德华兹神学思想的核心观念。在乔纳森·爱德华兹看来，万物的基本特性是美，神最显著的特征是神性美。因此，认识和热爱神就是认识和热爱神的美，认识世界的最终本质就是认识和热爱作为神性美的意象的世界。上面简要论述了乔纳森·爱德华兹宗教美学思想的基本内容和要素，下面就乔纳森·爱德华兹宗教美学思想的主要特征做一归纳，作为本文的结语。</P>
<P>第一，对美学的重视与强调，是乔纳森·爱德华兹与17世纪清教徒作家以及18世纪同代人之间的最大区别。换言之，与以伦理准则为核心的17世纪的清教徒作品和受到启蒙思想影响的18世纪的作品相比，乔纳森·爱德华兹的作品之所以引起人们的关注，原因在于他对美的特殊强调。在神学与美学的结合中传递并弘扬美，是乔纳森·爱德华兹作品的特征。</P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹的宗教美学思想对当今的美学研究和教学乃至文艺理论批评都具有积极的启迪意义。乔纳森·爱德华兹有关美的类别和美的源泉与基础的观点告诉我们，美可以分为简单美和复杂美、主要美和次要美、物质美和精神美等几个层次和类别，简单美、次要美和物质美是复杂美、主要美和精神美的反映，而复杂关系的和谐并不都符合美学原则，除非与神性美相一致。人可能被自己的创造物所迷惑。弥尔顿的撒旦的美或马基雅弗里的论点的美，在这里可以作为例证。决定这一复杂问题的也许不是主题而是态度，因此，在上述两个例证中，人们必须非常谨慎，以防仓促下结论。此外，如何解释一件自身和谐但却背离神灵的作品？如何解释自我毁灭作品中所表达的堕落或颓废的美？如何解释莎士比亚悲剧艺术作品？这些都值得我们深思。</P>
<P>在与文学教学和研究相关的美学中，某种必然美的东西（如一个姿态，一件艺术作品，一个文本）蕴含着某种特定的美学品质。在文学分析领域，美学品质这一概念长期以来被认为是完全相对的。“新唯美主义”代表人物约翰·乔金和西蒙·马尔帕斯指出，“1980年代和1990年代人文科学领域兴起的批评理论完全摒弃了美学。理论批评一直都处在将美学婴儿与人文澡水一起倒掉的危险之中”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn34" name=_ftnref34><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[34]</FONT></U></A> 对乔纳森·爱德华兹文本的研究有助于我们对“美学婴儿”的认识，有助于恢复我们对美感的信心。由于重新树立对美感的信心，我们可以用一种新的开放心态和视野转向其他文学文本。这一姿态与“新唯美主义”的目标相一致。约翰·乔金和西蒙·马尔帕斯的著作《新唯美主义》标志着批评倾向的重大转变，它没有质疑“揭示艺术与意识形态、历史-政治环境、自我认同、性别和殖民主义关系”的重要性，它“承认美学的独特性要求对批评探索的模式和实践进行重大转变，也要求对与哲学、政治和文化相关的批评的地位进行重新建构”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn35" name=_ftnref35><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[35]</FONT></U></A> 因此，乔纳森·爱德华兹的美的概念在当今的美学话语中具有重要意义。</P>
<P>第二，在对美的感悟方面，乔纳森·爱德华兹有时被称为“神秘主义者”。诚然，乔纳森·爱德华兹对神性美的感悟具有非概念化和直接化的特征。正是这一点给人造成一种印象，乔纳森·爱德华兹是一位神秘主义者。然而，如果神秘主义者指远离具体的、世俗的感官世界，遁入现世之外的来世的人的话，那么乔纳森·爱德华兹肯定不是神秘主义者。</P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，神赋予人的大脑以双重认知能力：一是概念，二是感觉。概念是对某个事物的理性判断，例如蜂蜜是甜的。感觉是心灵对该概念的感受，例如心灵所感受到的蜂蜜的甜蜜。那么，我们怎样才能理解人心是感官呢？乔纳森·爱德华兹用味觉做例子。但是，当特定的“心灵感觉”无法预料时，人们几乎不可避免地陷入感觉混淆之中，就像莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》中的波顿一样，他模仿保罗在《圣经》（《新约》）哥林多前书中的诗文<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn36" name=_ftnref36><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[36]</FONT></U></A>说：“人们的眼睛从来没有听到过，人们的耳朵从来没有看见过，人们的手也尝不出来是什么味道，人们的舌头也想不出来是什么道理，人们的心也说不出来究竟那是怎样的一个梦”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn37" name=_ftnref37><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[37]</FONT></U></A> 有趣的是，保罗和莎士比亚在这里都排除了嗅觉感受。其实，嗅觉作为一个主要的和不可抗拒的感觉，在这里可以和心灵感觉进行有意义的比较。嗅觉不可抗拒，因为我们不可能做到在呼吸的时候不嗅不闻。而且，大脑中的嗅觉中枢距离下意识中枢和管理睡眠与清醒的中枢最近。很难找到词语描述嗅觉（除了好坏），就像不能准确描述梦一样。同样，心灵是一个脆弱和微妙的器官。可以说，它是唯一精确的自然计时器，标志着我们的时间的进出，像一颗定时炸弹一样嘀嗒，因为每个人的心跳次数都是有限的。那么，“心灵感觉”和嗅觉一样不可阻挡和不可避免吗？我们能够准确描述心灵感觉吗？<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn38" name=_ftnref38><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[38]</FONT></U></A> 乔纳森·爱德华兹的回答是肯定的。因此，只有在如下意义上乔纳森·爱德华兹才可以被称为神秘主义者，即他相信对神的“直接”（不是逻辑化或概念化）感悟，也就是“心灵感觉”。</P>
<P>然而，对乔纳森·爱德华兹来说，对神的感悟发生在现实的世俗世界，感悟者存在于现实世界之中。在乔纳森·爱德华兹对神的美的感悟概念中，并不缺乏具象，它发生在空间和时间之中。源于耶稣基督生平和说教的“神圣事物”的感官观念，或作为神的美的意象的自然宇宙的感官观念，必须被大脑所感知，以神性美的方式与其他观念相联系。乔纳森·爱德华兹这样描述他如何感悟神的美：“此后，我对神圣事物的感觉增强了，变得越来越生动，越来越感觉到那种内在的甜美。万物都发生了变化：一切似乎都展现出恬静和甜蜜的样子或神性的光辉。神的完美、神的智慧、神的纯洁和爱，似乎在万物中展现：在太阳、月亮和星辰中；在云彩和蓝天中；在绿草、鲜花和树木中；在流水和一切自然物中；这一切充满了我的脑海。我经常坐下来久久凝视着月亮，白天则花大量时间观赏云彩和天空，在这些东西中看到了那甜美的光辉”。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn39" name=_ftnref39><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[39]</FONT></U></A> 乔纳森·爱德华兹对自然界中的神的美的感悟，并没有使他脱离自然界中的具体事物，神的美就显现在这些具体事物中。绿草、鲜花和树木的感官观念深深地留在他的脑海中，他在这些自然物中所看到的美是他对神的美的感悟的物质内容，他将这些自然物当作神的美在耶稣基督身上的完美显现和重复的意象来欣赏。在这里，没有什么超验的东西，也没有什么抽象的东西，只有具体的事物。大脑没有脱离这个世界而进入另外一个世界，而是以一种新的方式关注这个世界的事物。对乔纳森·爱德华兹来说，神创造世界的目的在于在时间和空间中重复神的美。皈依者对神的美的知晓和热爱在时间和空间中重复了神的内在的三位一体的生命。因此，真实的历史对乔纳森·爱德华兹的神来说至关重要。历史是神的生命得以延伸的领域。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn40" name=_ftnref40><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[40]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>第三，美是性情的展现，性情是一种积极趋向，每当某种机缘出现就会付诸实践。因此，一个人信仰皈依的真正实现的最重要的标志就是美好的基督信仰的付诸实践。之所以如此是因为，圣灵寓于基督徒之内，并赋予基督徒以新的性情，并以“这种新的方式”行动，圣灵就是神的美的精神。因此，真正的美德或真正的善行来自积极的性情，以真正的美的方式行动，也就是祝愿所有人与耶稣基督所象征的神的真正美保持和谐。无疑，皈依者美好性情的这一善行参与了在时间和空间中重复神的内在美的事业。因此，美的积极本质植根于乔纳森·爱德华兹有关神的能动概念中，即神是传递美的美好性情。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn41" name=_ftnref41><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[41]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，“性情”是灵魂的本性或气质，它决定人们的选择、感情和思维。创造不是实体的事而是性情的事，性情原则扮演的角色犹如实体曾经在西方神学中长期扮演的角色一样。从实体到性情的转变就是从静态到动态的转变，就是从内容到方式的转变，就是从规定到描述的转变，就是从“什么”到“如何”的转变。这一转变与其说是一种陈述不如说是一种姿态。因此，它可能更加脆弱，更加容易受到攻击或曲解。姿态很难解释，姿态的“真理”很难证实，因此它们很难守卫。“‘为何创造’这个问题的答案寓于乔纳森·爱德华兹作为传递美的永恒性情的神的能动概念中”。这个美在耶稣基督身上得到了体现。由于在耶稣基督身上我们人类的脆弱性也得到了体现，所以这个美似乎完全处于危险之中。神将他自己和他的美置于脆弱的地位，因为他将他自己和他的美赋予了一个具有神性的人即耶稣基督身上，耶稣基督可能会受到攻击，事实上他的确受到了攻击。神将美置于脆弱的地位，还因为他赋予他的人类臣民以摧毁这一美的自由。神的性情与皈依者人的性情的相互作用，也是一种非常微妙和密切的遭遇，它建立在完全信任和相互信任的基础之上，而信任本身就是脆弱的。神性美时时刻刻在散发，我们可否感触到它的脆弱性？脆弱性也许能够以谦卑的美，增强神性美。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn42" name=_ftnref42><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[42]</FONT></U></A></P>
<P>乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，人的被动性情和主动性情都是感悟美所必需的，感悟美是主动性与被动性相汇合的结果。正是通过大脑的条理化活动，外在于大脑的美才能被“接收”进入大脑。主动性与被动性的这一并置可以在“惊喜”的体验中找到。惊喜是一种不可预期、不可预备、不可保证、不可回避的东西。它像一缕突如其来的香气或梦，我们不由不惊喜。但是，惊喜也是一种动量，是一种私密的、个人的和特殊的冲力，需要做出快速直接的回应，导致精神主动性和非被动性。在文学教学中，文本可以连续地产生惊喜，需要做出迅速直接的个人回应。没有个人的介入和参与，文学分析就变得机械、乏味或没有意义。欣赏乔纳森·爱德华兹的布道和文本，总是充满了惊喜。可以说，对惊喜的体验是乔纳森·爱德华兹感悟美的组成部分。这样，突然而不可阻挡的印象，必然的美学姿态，对脆弱性的欣赏，都对心灵感觉的震动做出了贡献。</P>
<P>总之，在一个神学家不愿意谈论“体验”神的时代，乔纳森·爱德华兹将信仰看作是实际感受或理解耶稣基督所象征的神性美，这一观念有助于思考人们是如何知晓神的。同时，乔纳森·爱德华兹将基督教信仰实践看作是参与神在时间和空间中扩大其内在美的活动，这一思想赋予历史以终极意义。在基督徒看来，世俗世界并不低俗，这一历史是神性美（爱）得以扩大与延伸的领域。此外，乔纳森·爱德华兹对作为神性美的意象的自然宇宙的理解，对人们知晓和热爱作为神性美的意象的自然宇宙的重要作用的理解，为当代神学提供了从生态学角度看待大自然的深刻的神学基础。<A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn43" name=_ftnref43><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[43</FONT></U></A><A title="" href="http://control.blog.sina.com.cn/admin/article/article_add.php#_ftn43" name=_ftnref43><U><FONT color=#0000ff>]</FONT></U></A></P>]]></description><author>尚劝余</author><pubDate>2011-3-9 20:46:19</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[美国基督教神学家乔纳森&#8226;爱德华兹与圣经象征学]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1004878701.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美国基督教神学家乔纳森</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt">·</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹与圣经象征学</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1703-1758</SPAN>）是<SPAN lang=EN-US>18</SPAN>世纪美国大觉醒运动的领导者，也是公认的美国历史上最伟大的神学家。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">下面综合西方学者的研究成果，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">就</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹与圣经象征学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">问题做一初步探讨。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">一、圣经象征学的理论与传统</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">为了理解乔纳森·爱德华兹与圣经象征学，有必要对圣经象征学的理论和传统做一简要阐述。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">圣经象征学，或</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">索隐象征主义，既是圣经所固有的原则，也是圣经文本的诠释。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">圣经象征学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">经常被用来指《旧约》包含《新约》事件和主题的预兆（象征）的方式。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">德国语文学家埃利克</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">奥尔巴赫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1892-1957</SPAN>）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">将</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">圣经</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">象征学称为“形象解释”，他认为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">圣经</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">象征学“是在两个事件或人物之间建立联系，第一个事件或人物不仅表示自身而且表示第二个事件或人物，而第二个事件或人物包含或实现第一个事件或人物……作为真实的事件或人物，第一和第二都存在于时间之内，都存在于历史生活的溪流之内。对两个人物或事件的理解只是精神行为，但是这一精神行为涉及具体事件，不管是过去、现在还是未来……因为允诺和实现都是真实的历史事件，要么已经发生……要么将要发生”。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn2" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn2" name=_ednref2><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">匈牙利宗教学家泰伯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·法比尼认为，圣经象征学至少有九个方面的含义：（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>）一种阅读《圣经》的方式；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>）一种在基督教《圣经》中将《旧约》与《新约》统一起来的原则；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>）一种诠释的原则（从源语和源境中理解文本的意义）；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>）一种比喻；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>）一种思维方式；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN>）一种修辞形式；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>）一种历史观；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>8</SPAN>）一种艺术构成原则；（<SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN>）一种互文性表现（一部分文本指称另一部分文本）。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn3" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn3" name=_ednref3><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[③]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">论述圣经象征学的标准神学著作是利奥纳德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">戈佩尔特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1911-1973</SPAN>）的《模型：新约对旧约的象征学解释》。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn4" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn4" name=_ednref4><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U>[④]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>利奥纳德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">戈佩尔特针对希腊化时期犹太教对《圣经》解释的背景，仔细考察了《新约》的重要段落。他的结论是，象征学是对《新约》使用《旧约》的主导解释形式。利奥纳德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">戈佩尔特引入的最重要的词语之一是“<SPAN lang=EN-US>Steigerung</SPAN>”。不同学者将其翻译成不同的英语词语，如“提高”、“扩大”或“增强”，意思是《新约》中的某些人物、事件或事物被视为既是对《旧约》中的某些人物、事件或事物的类比，也是对他们（它们）的扩大。它意味着耶稣的牧灵生涯与《旧约》先知相比肩，但意义“更大”。耶稣表明他的活动“比</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">约拿更伟大”，“比所罗门更伟大”，“比神庙更伟大”。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn5" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn5" name=_ednref5><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑤</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">这意味着耶稣的工作既不是先知工作的简单重复也不是先知工作的仅仅继续，而是他们的使命的“完成”和“再创造”。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">用象征学解释《圣经》的第一个高峰是在早期基督教“教父时期”（公元</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世纪至公元</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世纪）。然而，基督教教父文学中没有使用象征学一词，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">而是使用“比喻学”、“寓意学”或“奥秘学”（在写作中使用图画；说东而言西<SPAN style="COLOR: black">；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">神秘意义</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">）。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">教父们没有将他们的象征学方法与希腊人及其希腊化文明（公元前</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世纪亚历山大大帝时期至公元</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世纪）所共同使用的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">寓意学明确区分开来。但寓意学这个词，就是后来的圣经学家所说的象征学。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">如果说圣经象征学的第一个“黄金时代”是在“天主教”的第二个世纪（即</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">教父时期</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">），那么圣经象征学的第二个“黄金时代”则是在“新教”的第二个世纪（即宗教改革时期）。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US>16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世纪的马丁</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·路德和加尔文赞同象征学，但更自觉和更系统的探究则是由<SPAN lang=EN-US>17</SPAN>世纪的“新教改革之父们”进行的。象征学思想几乎成为大西洋两岸新教人士中的一个虔诚潮流。在英格兰，它鼓舞了宗教诗歌，而在新英格兰（“新”这一概念本身就具有象征学意义），它无疑在美国身份认同中发挥过决定性作用。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">圣经象征学在<SPAN lang=EN-US>17</SPAN>世纪的新教神学学者中得到繁荣，主要是在保守派和大众圈子。这是一个用英语写作象征学手册的世纪，主要用于实际应用目的而不是理论目的。第一本已知的象征学手册是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">英国</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">神学学者威廉</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·基尔德（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1586-1657</SPAN>），的《摩西揭秘：侍奉</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">天上事物的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">类型和预兆的形象》<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>讨论了《旧约》中耶稣的<SPAN lang=EN-US>55</SPAN>个象征，从“生命树”开始，到</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">所罗巴伯结束。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn6" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn6" name=_ednref6><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑥</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">另一本更为详尽的手册是托马斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·泰勒（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1576-1633</SPAN>）的《基督揭秘或旧约诠释：论整个经典所包含的我们救主的象征和预兆》<SPAN lang=EN-US>,<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn7" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn7" name=_ednref7><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑦]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">托马斯</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·泰勒是一位清教</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">神学学者，曾做过剑桥大学希伯来语讲师，是第一位“系统”探究圣经象征学的作者。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">最重要的圣经象征学手册是萨缪尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·马特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1626-1671</SPAN>）的《旧约的形象或象征：向信仰旧约上帝的人传布和预示福音中的基督和天上的事情》。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn8" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn8" name=_ednref8><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑧]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">萨缪尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·马特是新英格兰著名的清教</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">神学学者家族中的一员，是理查德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·马特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1596-1663</SPAN>）的儿子，印克里斯·马特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1639-1723</SPAN>）的哥哥，克顿·马特（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1663-1728</SPAN>）的叔叔。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">萨缪尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·马特给象征学下的定义是，“某种外在的或可觉察的事物，这些事物是神在《旧约》中所规定的，是《新约》中基督的代表和象征”，后来他又做了补充，“一种象征中存在某种外在的或可觉察的事物，代表一种更高的精神事物，可以称之为一个标志或一个相似物，一个模式或一个形象等”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn9" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn9" name=_ednref9><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑨]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">萨缪尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·马特在书中强调，福音已经在《旧约》中得到了宣讲：每一节的标题都以“福音”一词开头，例如，“割礼的福音” 和“牺牲的福音”。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">最后一本同样重要的圣经象征学手册是本杰明·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">基兹（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>1640-1704</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">）论述圣经隐喻的著作《</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">比喻学：一把打开圣经隐喻的钥匙》。这是一本独特的，也是被人遗忘了的著作。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">本杰明·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">基兹是一位多产的浸礼派牧师，具有某些加尔文教倾向。在本书的前言中，他对比了象征和寓言，认为寓言与隐喻和比喻属于同一类型。“虽然隐喻和寓言都应用于神秘目的”，但是它们不应“超越信仰类比之外”。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn10" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn10" name=_ednref10><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑩</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">换言之，它们必须处在圣经所明确揭示的范围之内。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">总之，传统的圣经象征学涉及的是《旧约》中的象征与《新约》中的原型之间的关系。简要回顾了圣经象征学的历史背景之后，下面我们考察一下</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹对圣经象征学有什么独到贡献。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">二、乔纳森·爱德华兹独特的圣经象征学思想<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">圣经象征学是贯穿乔纳森·爱德华兹布道生涯的一个主题，他</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用三大本笔记来专门阐述他的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">圣经象征学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。第一本题为“神物的意象”，第二本题为“象征”，第三本题为“弥赛亚的象征”。这三本笔记都收入了《乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹文丛》第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卷《象征学作品》。“神物的意象”始作于</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1728</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">岁刚做牧师不久，“象征”和“弥赛亚的象征”作于</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1744</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1749</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年之间。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn11" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn11" name=_ednref11><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[11]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹对圣经象征学的独到贡献首先体现在，他看到了整个世界都充满象征。大部分传统圣经象征学家认为《旧约》中存在着象征，这些象征在《新约》中得到了实现，个别传统圣经象征学家认为自然界中也存在着象征，而乔纳森·爱德华兹则发展了传统圣经学思想，将圣经象征学扩展到了整个宇宙和人类历史之中，甚至宗教历史中。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn12" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn12" name=_ednref12><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[12]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">赋予“象征”以广泛的含义，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">将它用作“比喻”、“神秘”、“形象”、“图画”、“寓言”、“标志”、“信物”、“面纱”、“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">秘语”的同义词。他相信象征遍及全世界，包括自然界和历史：“我毫不犹豫地承认，我相信整个宇宙，包括苍穹和大地，空气和海洋，神规和圣经史，都充满了神圣事物的意象，犹如语言充满了词汇；我提到的那些众多事物只不过是会被这些事物所表示和象征的一小部分而已”。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn13" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn13" name=_ednref13><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U>[13]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹的这一圣经象征学思想反映了<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>世纪法国神学家和诗人艾伦（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1128–1202</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">）著名短诗中的思想：“世间每一个被造物，都像一本书或一幅画，犹如我们面前的一面镜子，一个忠诚的意象，反映了我们的生活，我们的死亡，我们的状况，我们的命运”。这首短诗很好地展示了对现实的比喻，这是中世纪的特征，被<SPAN lang=EN-US>18</SPAN>世纪的乔纳森·爱德华兹所分享。对乔纳森·爱德华兹来说，神的创造活动是神自身及其光荣与他的创造物的交流。他也注意到，“整个外在创造物只不过是万物的影子，是精神事物的象征”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn14" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn14" name=_ednref14><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹对圣经象征学的另一个独到贡献体现在，他代表了圣经象征学极端观点之间的“中间道路”立场。左翼自然神论者将所有象征都斥之为空想，而右翼中世纪学者则认为寓意到处存在（即使《圣经》中未提到的地方都存在寓意）。乔纳森·爱德华兹走的是左翼和右翼之间的温和的“中间道路”。他声明，他的目的“在于表明在两种人中间如何存在一种中间状态，一种人贬低所有象征，另一种人主张将所有象征转变为寓言，而寓言不是真正的历史”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn15" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn15" name=_ednref15><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">华莱士·安德森指出，有三类人不接受乔纳森·爱德华兹的圣经象征学。第一类是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">洛克派</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">和启蒙运动自然神论者，对他们来说，象征学不符合逻辑；第二类是天主教徒和高教会派安里甘教徒，他们想将旧式的寓言手法永久化；第三类是改革宗清教徒福音派，他们赞成基于字面意义的象征学，但反对乔纳森·爱德华兹将象征拓展到经文以外进入自然界。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹代表的是一种更自由的、本体论的圣经象征学观点，也就是说，在乔纳森·爱德华兹看来，圣经象征学并不局限于两个历史事件，而是能够将神圣事件与现实世界的不同方面如自然界中的事物联系起来。乔纳森·爱德华兹试图在不回到被夸张了的中世纪寓言的情况下，将圣经象征学从《旧约》和《新约》这两个约的狭隘联系中解放出来。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn16" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn16" name=_ednref16><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹的本体论象征学（或自由象征学）是圣经比喻语言的逻辑而有机的延伸。例如，约翰福音和保罗语言中耶稣所说的话具有很高的比喻性。乔纳森·爱德华兹从约翰福音（<SPAN lang=EN-US>12:24</SPAN>）中引用了耶稣有关麦粒的话，麦粒落进地里死了，死了之后带来更多的果实。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn17" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn17" name=_ednref17><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>乔纳森·爱德华兹也喜欢引用保罗在以弗所书（<SPAN lang=EN-US>5:30-32</SPAN>）中有关婚姻的“伟大奥秘”的话，它是基督与教会结合的象征。乔纳森·爱德华兹从这些段落中得出结论，世界充满了象征：“显然，神规定了人类世界的状态和构造 <SPAN lang=EN-US>…… </SPAN>它们象征了精神事物”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn18" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn18" name=_ednref18><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">但是，谁能理解这一象征的语言？乔纳森·爱德华兹深信，只有通过像圣保罗在哥林多前书（<SPAN lang=EN-US>2:15</SPAN>）中所称的属灵的人的灵性悟力。在《宗教感情》中，乔纳森·爱德华兹将这一能力描述为“真正仁慈和神圣的感情”的第一个标志。属灵的人是真正的圣人，他们得到了圣灵的认可：“基督徒被称为属灵的人，因为他们诞生于圣灵，因为圣灵内在于他们之中，对他们发生神圣的感化力”。他们随之成为“神性的共享者”。乔纳森·爱德华兹从圣保罗那里得知，“自然人与基督没有交流，没有参与。”<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn19" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn19" name=_ednref19><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">正如美国著名<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="宗教学">宗教学</st1:PersonName>教授杰罗德·迈克德莫特指出的，“象征本身并没有力量表现精神世界。象征系统并非能够为人人所领悟，只是为‘有所准备和有所践行的人’所领悟。得救不能通过想象，得救只能通过基督和他的精神力量，只有基督和他的精神力量能够提供心灵感应，只有这种心灵感应能够读懂象征”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn20" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn20" name=_ednref20><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">正是这种神圣的认知方式使得乔纳森·爱德华兹在年轻时期就能够在自然界现象中看到神圣奥秘。它使乔纳森·爱德华兹能够看到神如何用类比创造了世界：每个低级生物都是其高级生物的模仿或影子，正如野兽是人类的模仿，植物是动物的模仿，所有这些都是“神的工作方法”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn21" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn21" name=_ednref21><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>这意味着世界万物充满象征，也就是说神的手印无处不在。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">三、乔纳森·爱德华兹象征学与</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">莎士比亚、</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">马丁</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">路德和形而上诗人的共鸣</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现代德国著名神学家哲哈德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·冯·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">拉德</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1901-1971</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）告诉我们，象征学具有诗歌想象力的特征，具有高度想象力的诗人和神学家同样能够运用象征学。在这一点上，我们不难看到，莎士比亚、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">马丁·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">路德和英国形而上诗人都与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹的圣经象征学有异曲同工之妙。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">莎士比亚的语言和意象受到符号传统的影响，这是文艺复兴时期的一种特殊文体，即将格言、图画和文本结合在一起。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn22" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn22" name=_ednref22><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹本人是将符号一词作为象征的同义词使用的，在这一点上，研究圣经象征学的人尚未注意到乔纳森·爱德华兹与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">莎士比亚之间</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">的联系。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹与莎士比亚之间的其他对应，也没有得到圣经象征学家的充分关注。例如，当想到乔纳森·爱德华兹对自然的灵性领悟的时候，不妨看看莎士比亚戏剧《皆大欢喜》中老公爵的话：“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们的这种生活，远离尘嚣，可以听树木谈话，可以听溪水读书，可以听石头布道，万物中都蕴含着美好”。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn23" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn23" name=_ednref23><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">莎士比亚的“石头布道”表明，他本人也将自然视为是有神性的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">莎士比亚的另一个意象也得到了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹无意识的共鸣。乔纳森·爱德华兹写到：“当人们站在巅峰，难免会感觉头晕，处在坠落的危险之中，站得越高，越害怕掉下去。这是一种象征。当人们被高高捧起，捧到荣誉和物质的顶峰，他们便会眼花缭乱，他们对事物的看法，特别是对他们自己及其所处地位的看法便会失常和出错，他们处在坠落的巨大危险中；而那些骄傲自大的家伙摔得最惨”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn24" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn24" name=_ednref24><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">莎士比亚戏剧</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《尤利乌斯<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>凯撒》中，布鲁图斯说：“我们处在巅峰，随时可能下落。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人生犹如潮水，趁着浪头上潮，就可功成名就；一旦错过，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">人生之航就将陷于浅滩和悲苦之中”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn25" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn25" name=_ednref25><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹认为，属灵的人从基督学上领悟世界，因此在“太阳的升落中看到了基督死亡和复活的象征”。此外，在属灵的人看来，“蚕是基督的绝妙象征，蚕死亡之后，为我们生产了制作如此美丽的衣裳的蚕丝。基督为我们而做蚕虫，并用他的死亡完成了信徒身上穿戴的信义的衣裳，从而使得我们能够穿上光荣的长袍”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn26" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn26" name=_ednref26><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>这个意象在马丁·路德的评论中已经出现过。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">马丁·路德也将基督十字架受难与蚕虫相比附（《诗篇》<SPAN lang=EN-US>22:6</SPAN>）<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn27" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn27" name=_ednref27><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>，他说：“他不是被看做一位圣人，而是一只毒虫，威胁到整个世界。世人就是这样地不尊重他，而今天的基督徒也同样没有得到尊重”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn28" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn28" name=_ednref28><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[28]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>在评论《创世纪》萨拉之死的故事时，马丁·路德说到<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>“它使得神大为喜悦，从虫子中、从腐化中、从完全堕落和充满恶臭的地球中，升起了一具比花朵、比香膏、比太阳和星辰都美丽的身躯”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn29" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn29" name=_ednref29><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">马丁·路德和乔纳森·爱德华兹在运用意象方面的另一个引人注目的相似点，体现在精神食粮或圣餐上。乔纳森·爱德华兹说：“正如小麦经过加工成为我们的食粮，使我们营养充沛、精神振作、力量倍增，小麦通过脱粒、磨粉和烘焙，由此成为我们精神食粮的象征，基督是来自天堂的面包，通过他的受难成为我们的食粮；同样，葡萄汁是基督之血的象征，它经过葡萄酒榨汁机扎出来，成为我们振作精神、情绪高涨的饮品”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn30" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn30" name=_ednref30><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[30]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">二百年前，马丁·路德在其<SPAN lang=EN-US>1518</SPAN>年关于“神圣而真正的躯体圣事与兄弟关系”布道中提出了一组惊人地相似的意象：“正如面包是由许多麦粒磨粉并混合在一起做成的，众多麦粒的躯体形成了一个面包的躯体，每个麦粒失去了其形式和躯体，成为面包共同躯体的一部分；正如许多滴葡萄酒失去了它们自己的形式，成为一个共同的葡萄酒和饮品的躯体<SPAN lang=EN-US> -- </SPAN>因此它与我们同在。通过神的祝福和我们的不幸的交换，我们变成了同一片面包，同一个躯体，同一杯饮品，融为一体。基督将面包和葡萄酒这两种形式作为这一圣事中进一步结合的标志，因为再没有什么比食粮与吃食粮的人的结合更为亲密、深入和不可分割的结合了。因为食粮进入人的体内，被吃食粮的人的内体所吸收，成为他的实体。因此，在这个圣事中我们也与基督同为一体，与所有圣人同为一体，因此基督关怀我们，为我们行事”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn31" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn31" name=_ednref31><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[31]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">上述乔纳森·爱德华兹与莎士比亚及马丁·路德的共鸣，展示了乔纳森·爱德华兹与早期象征学传统的联系。但是，乔纳森·爱德华兹也对神所创造的世界以及由洛克哲学和牛顿科学所打开的神创世界的新发现充满兴趣。与一个世纪前的英国玄学派诗人（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">约翰<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>邓恩、乔治<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>赫伯特、理查德<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>格兰肖等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">）一样，乔纳森·爱德华兹将自然法则和分析科学应用于圣经象征学目的。下述两个例子足以证明，一个是引力，一个是望远镜。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹指出，引力是爱与宽容的象征，是宇宙福祉之所系。“整个物质世界由所有物体的彼此吸引或相互倾向而维持。因此，宇宙的一部分与另一部分是互惠的。美、和谐、秩序、循序渐进、生命与运动，一句话，整个宇宙的福祉都依赖于它。这是精神世界的爱或宽容的象征”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn32" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn32" name=_ednref32><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[32]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹将望远镜视为人类历史向基督教至福千年迈进的象征。他指出，“最近的望远镜的发明使得天体更加接近，更加明晰，天体的这些美妙的发现是一个象征和前兆，天体知识的伟大进步将会使我们日益接近基督教会的光荣时代”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn33" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn33" name=_ednref33><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[33]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>圣经象征学是一种历史的未来观，一种历史的线性观。乔纳森·爱德华兹持有这一历史发展观和进步观，即知识进步推动人类向至福千年迈进。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">四、简要评价<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹在去世前不久曾计划写一部书名为《旧约圣经与新约圣经的和谐》的“伟大著作”。他设想了三部分：第一部分，弥赛亚预言及其实现；第二部分，《旧约圣经》的象征与其福音中的原型；第三部分，《旧约圣经》与《新约圣经》的教义和神学和谐。显然，乔纳森·爱德华兹想将圣经预言和教义的传统思想与他的新象征学方法联系起来。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn34" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn34" name=_ednref34><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[34]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>可惜，这一宏伟设想由于他的突然病逝未能付诸实施。这不能不说是圣经象征学的莫大遗憾。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹的圣经象征学在圣经象征学历史上占有独特的地位，受到不同学者的不同评价。美国历史学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">佩里<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>米勒（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1905-1963</SPAN>）指出，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹将传统历史象征学延伸到自然界，“将自然界提升到与圣经启示同等权威的高度”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn35" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn35" name=_ednref35><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[35]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>而美<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="国宗教史">国宗教史</st1:PersonName>教授</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">斯蒂芬</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">斯坦恩则认为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">“乔纳森·爱德华兹从来没有宣扬《圣经》是神启的主要源泉，也没有宣扬圣经象征学是有用的解释方法”。相反，乔纳森·爱德华兹只是努力获得对文本“灵感”的“更充分的理解”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn36" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn36" name=_ednref36><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[36]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">美国圣经阐释学家汉斯·弗莱（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1922-1988</SPAN>）指出，<SPAN lang=EN-US>18</SPAN>世纪是一个“圣经故事字面意义和历史事件现实之间的关系被摧毁”的时代。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn37" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn37" name=_ednref37><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[37]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>换言之，《圣经》早期批评家对圣经故事的历史准确性表示质疑。由于“被描述的圣经世界”和“真实的历史世界”被批评家有意识地分离，结果，故事、历史现实和神学意义就成了三个独立的事情。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">斯蒂芬</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">斯坦恩认为，虽然</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">乔纳森·爱德华兹完全意识到圣经早期批评家的批评，但是他关心的是对整个文本的精神意义的更高和更充分的理解 <SPAN lang=EN-US>– </SPAN>他在他的“自由”象征学中发现了这一点。因此，“乔纳森·爱德华兹没有在诠释中将文字和精神相分离”。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn38" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn38" name=_ednref38><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[38]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>他与马丁·路德及<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>世纪新教改革派一起，同属于圣经阐释的“前批评”范式，对他们来说，文本的精神意义有待于在字面意义内领会，因为精神并非“高于”文字，而是“内在于”文字。由于这种将历史与精神联系起来的关注，人们也许可以用乔纳森·爱德华兹的布道、评论和教义著作来解读斯坦福大学戴维·斯坦恩<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="米兹">米兹</st1:PersonName></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">教授所说的“前批评阐释学的优越性”的含义。</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn39" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn39" name=_ednref39><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[39]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">罗伯特</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·布朗认为，前批评和批评范式的二分法过于轻率，最终站不住脚，实际上乔纳森·爱德华兹在两个世界都有涉足。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn40" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn40" name=_ednref40><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[40]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>杰罗德·迈克德莫特认为，乔纳森·爱德华兹的圣经象征学显然不能被视为单单是“前批评”范式。“前批评”和“批评”范式区分是<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>世纪圣经学者经常使用的术语，他们赞成由鲁道夫<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>布尔特曼及其后继者所主导的某种形式的圣经批评。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn41" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn41" name=_ednref41><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[41]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>“前批评”和“批评”范式区分认为，只有一种有关《圣经》的批评思维，即不加批评地接受形式批评的前提。其中的两个前提是：一，福音没有给我们目击证明的途径；二，早期教会更感兴趣于其自身的牧灵和论战形势，而不是口述传统的历史准确性。理查德<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>鲍克汉姆（<SPAN lang=EN-US>1946-</SPAN>）在他的新著《基督与见证》中，中肯地批驳了这两个前提。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn42" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn42" name=_ednref42><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[42]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>罗伯特<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>布朗的《乔纳森·爱德华兹与圣经》也表明，乔纳森·爱德华兹完全意识到了正在兴起的圣经批评派，而且他的《杂记》中的许多内容针对的就是圣经批评派的成果和挑战。<A style="mso-endnote-id: edn43" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn43" name=_ednref43><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[43]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">因此，乔纳森·爱德华兹不能被简单地归于“前批评”或“批评”派两分法。与所谓的前批评派不同，乔纳森·爱德华兹完全意识到历史和文化对圣经作者的影响。与所谓的现代批评派不同，乔纳森·爱德华兹能够看到《圣经》的神学统一性，同时又认识到形式与内容的多样性。与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基要派一样，</SPAN><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn44" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_edn44" name=_ednref44><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[44]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">历史派只看到每段有一个意义，即由历史和文化背景所决定的意义。但是，乔纳森·爱德华兹与教会之父和新教改革派一样，反对将文字与精神相分离，以便“圣灵”（精神）能够给文字注入多重意义。他认识到文字具有历史性，但他也认识到文字的精神或意义并不局限于历史背景这一种意义。精神实际上就是推动历史与传统的“圣灵”，因此某个历史时刻的文字是由“圣灵”在所有其他时刻的工作所赋予的。这样，文字既可以表示作为象征的近期历史，也可以表示作为原型的未来历史，同时也可以表示圣经故事中的过去历史。这样，《圣经》被注入了不同层次的意义。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">那么，乔纳森·爱德华兹的圣经象征学对当代基督教信仰和文化有什么意义呢？在一个现代技术时代，乔纳森·爱德华兹帮助基督徒们打开了想象力，以便将圣经联想应用于现实世界。基督徒的想象力深深植根于《圣经》的具体意象中，这一想象力既应该得到保持，也应该得到发展更新。圣经语言不应成为一个死化石，就像当代文化中的“迦南语”那样。旧词语和意象有待新实体的完成和再创造。自从圣经时代起，圣经象征学就一直被用来按照《旧约》理解《新约》。因此，圣经象征学中所内涵的动力能够使基督信仰在变化着的世界中保持活力。乔纳森·爱德华兹以其对圣经象征学的自由而创新的适应，在这个古老传统中占据着独特的地位。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText align=center><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref1" name=_edn1></A><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注释</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">①</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国学界有关乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹研究成果主要有：徐以骅：“乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹的宣教理论与实践”，《宗教与美国社会：美国宗教的“路线图”》，第一辑，北京：时事出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年；王玉明：“绝对神权与天赋人权</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>— </SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹与富兰克林的清教思想比较研究”，《安徽农业大学学报》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期；袁世国：“爱德华兹和他的《信仰的深情》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">— </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个基督徒的秉性”，《金陵神学志》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期；狄丹：《乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹神学思想初探》，东北师范大学硕士论文</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年；郭亚楠：《从文体学视角及圣经影响探析乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹布道词</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">落在愤怒的上帝手中的罪人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">》，内蒙古大学硕士学位论文</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年；刘亦明：《乔纳森</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">爱德华兹与大觉醒运动》，湖南师范大学硕士学文论文</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2009</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn2>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn2" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref2" name=_edn2><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">②</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Erich Auerbach, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Scenes from the Drama of European Literature</I>, translated by R. Mannheim, New York: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Meridian</st1:City></st1:place>, 1959, p. 16.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn3>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn3" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref3" name=_edn3><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">③</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Tibor Fabiny, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Lion and the Lamb: Figuralism and Fulfilment in the Bible, Art and Literature</I>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City></st1:place>: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 1-2.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn4>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn4" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref4" name=_edn4><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">④</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Leonard Gopelt, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New</I>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>: Verlag C. Bertelsmann, 1939, translated by D. Madvig, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">MI</st1:State></st1:place>: Eerdmans, 1982.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn5>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn5" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref5" name=_edn5><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">⑤</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《马太福音》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">章第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">41</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">节；第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">章第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">42</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">节；第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">章第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">节。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn6>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn6" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref6" name=_edn6><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">⑥</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> William Guild, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Moses Unveiled: or Figures which Served unto the Pattern and Shadow of Heavenly Things</I>.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">所罗巴伯：</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN><FONT face="Times New Roman">Zerubbabel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN>，意思</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">是<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>生在巴比伦<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">犹太人首领，波斯帝国犹太省的省督，曾被巴比伦囚禁，率领第一批犹太人从巴比伦返回耶路撒冷，是耶路撒冷“第二圣殿”的奠基者。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn7>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn7" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref7" name=_edn7><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">⑦</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Thomas Taylor,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Christ Revealed or the Old Testament Explained, a Treatise of the Types and Shadows of Our Savior Contained throughout the Whole Scripture.</I></FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn8>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn8" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref8" name=_edn8><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">⑧</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Samuel Mather, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Figure or Types of the Old Testaments by which Christ and the Heavenly Things of the Gospel Were Preached and Shadowed to the People of God of Old</I>.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn9>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn9" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref9" name=_edn9><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">⑨</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> M.I.Lowance Jr. ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Figures of Types of the Old Testament</I>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Johnson Reprint, 1969, pp.XI-XII.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn10>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn10" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref10" name=_edn10><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">⑩</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Benjamin Keach, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Preaching from the Types and Metaphors of the Bible,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">MI</st1:State></st1:place>: Kregel Publications, 1972, p. XII.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn11>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn11" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref11" name=_edn11><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[11]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Gerald R. McDermott,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Understanding Jonathan Edwards: An Introduction to America’s Theologian, </I><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp.99 &amp; 192-193.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn12>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn12" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref12" name=_edn12><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[12]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Sang Hyun Lee, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Princeton Companion to Jonathan Edwards,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Princeton</st1:City> <st1:State w:st="on">NJ</st1:State></st1:place>: Princeton University Press, 2005, p.190.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn13>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn13" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref13" name=_edn13><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[13]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.152.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn14>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn14" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref14" name=_edn14><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Thomas A. Schafer</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> ed. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume 13: The "Miscellanies", Entry Nos. a-z, aa-zz, 1-500, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 1994, pp.358 &amp; 434.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn15>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn15" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref15" name=_edn15><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.151.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn16>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn16" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref16" name=_edn16><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.33.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn17>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn17" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref17" name=_edn17><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.45.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn18>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn18" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref18" name=_edn18><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.67.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn19>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn19" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref19" name=_edn19><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>John E. Smith</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 2: Religious Affections,</I> <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Haven</st1:place></st1:City>: Yale University Press, 2009, pp.197, 198, 203, 204.<SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn20>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn20" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref20" name=_edn20><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Gerald R. McDermott, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards Confronts the Gods: Christian Theology, Enlightemenet Religion, and Non-Christian Faiths, </I><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 2000, p.116.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn21>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn21" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref21" name=_edn21><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, pp.63-67.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn22>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn22" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref22" name=_edn22><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Tibor Fabiny, ed.,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Shakespeare and the Emblem,</I> <st1:City w:st="on">Szeged</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Hungary</st1:country-region>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Attila</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Jozsef</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, 1984,<SPAN style="COLOR: black"> pp.100-102</SPAN>.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn23>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn23" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref23" name=_edn23><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参看</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">William Shakespeare,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> As You Like It</I>, Arden Shakespeare ed. <st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Methuen</st1:City></st1:place>, 1984, Act 2, scene 1, lines 15-17.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn24>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn24" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref24" name=_edn24><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.91.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn25>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn25" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref25" name=_edn25><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参看</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">William Shakespeare,<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Julius Caesar</I>, Arden Shakespeare ed. <st1:City w:st="on">London</st1:City>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Methuen</st1:City></st1:place>, 1983, Act 4, scene 3, lines 216-18.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn26>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn26" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref26" name=_edn26><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, pp.56-59.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn27>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn27" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref27" name=_edn27><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“我微小如虫，不再是人，被众人羞辱，被百姓蔑视”。《圣经》旧约：诗篇</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">22:6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn28>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn28" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref28" name=_edn28><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[28]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Luther’s Works: American Edition</I>, <SPAN style="COLOR: black">Volume</SPAN> 22, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:City></st1:place>: Fortress, 1957, p. 340.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn29>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn29" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref29" name=_edn29><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Luther’s Works: American Edition</I>, <SPAN style="COLOR: black">Volume </SPAN>4, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:City></st1:place>: Fortress, 1957, p.190.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn30>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn30" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref30" name=_edn30><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[30]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.68.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn31>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn31" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref31" name=_edn31><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[31]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Luther’s Works: American Edition</I>, <SPAN style="COLOR: black">Volume </SPAN>35, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:City></st1:place>: Fortress, 1957, pp.49-73.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn32>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn32" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref32" name=_edn32><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[32]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black" lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.79.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn33>
<P style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn33" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref33" name=_edn33><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[33]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>Wallace E. Anderson and David Watters</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> eds. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Works of Jonathan Edwards,</I> <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Volume 11: Typological Writings,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1993, p.58.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn34>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn34" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref34" name=_edn34><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[34]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Nathan O. Hatch and Harry S. Stout, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 1988, p.126.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn35>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn35" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref35" name=_edn35><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[35]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN>Perry Miller, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Introduction to Images and Shadows of Divine Things by Jonathan Edwards</I>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1948, p.28.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn36>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn36" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref36" name=_edn36><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[36]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Nathan O. Hatch and Harry S. Stout, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 1988, p.125.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn37>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn37" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref37" name=_edn37><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[37]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Hans Frei, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">New Haven</st1:City></st1:place>: Yale University Press, 1974, p.118.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn38>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn38" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref38" name=_edn38><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[38]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Nathan O. Hatch and Harry S. Stout, ed., <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience,</I> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>: Oxford University Press, 1988, p.128.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn39>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn39" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref39" name=_edn39><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[39]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> David Steinmetz, “The Superiority of Precritical Exegesis”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Theology Today</I>, April 1980, pp.27-38.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn40>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn40" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref40" name=_edn40><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[40]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Robert E. Brown, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards and the Bible</I>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Bloomington</st1:City></st1:place>: Indiana University Press, 2002, pp.76-87.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn41>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn41" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref41" name=_edn41><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[41]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN>Rudolf Karl Bultmann</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN> (1884-1976)</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">，德国路德宗神学家，提出</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">非神话化</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">，将历史与信仰彻底</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分割</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">，认为基督十字架受难是基督教信仰</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所需的唯一历史事实。他的观点在学术界引起了热烈争论，其追随者形成布尔特曼派。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn42>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn42" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref42" name=_edn42><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[42]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Richard Nauckham, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jesus and the Eyewitnesses</I>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">MI</st1:State></st1:place>: Eerdmans, 2006, pp.170-172.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn43>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn43" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref43" name=_edn43><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[43]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Robert E. Brown, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jonathan Edwards and the Bible</I>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Bloomington</st1:City></st1:place>: Indiana University Press, 2002, p.201.</FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote" id=edn44>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoEndnoteText><A style="mso-endnote-id: edn44" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634272682106562500881403&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ednref44" name=_edn44><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[44]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Fundamentalist, </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也有人翻译成</SPAN><SPAN class=Char><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face=宋体>原教旨派。基要派运动发端于廿世纪初的美国，主要目的是反抗</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=Char><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=Char><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face=宋体>新派</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=Char><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=Char><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、现代派、自由派的神学，由此产生基要派神学。</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></DIV>]]></description><author>尚劝余</author><pubDate>2010-12-6 21:40:32</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[20世纪80年代以来印度学界对中印边界战争的解析*]]></title><link>http://blog.stnn.cc/johnshang/Efp_Bl_1004812733.aspx</link><description><![CDATA[<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>1962</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">年的中印边界战争在中印两国现代史上占有重要的地位，对当今中印关系产生着不可估量的影响。下面就<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>世纪<SPAN lang=EN-US>80</SPAN>年代以来印度学界对中印边界战争相关</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">问题</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">的看法</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">做一梳理，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">供我国学界参考。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: 36.0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: 36.0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">中印边界战争之后，印度和西方学界曾“一边倒”，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指责中国对印度“发动了无端的侵略”，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">印度是中印边界纠纷和边境战争的受害者；中国忘恩负义，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“背叛了印度”，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">出卖了印度的“友谊”</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在“朋友背后捅了一刀”。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">这种观点的代表人物有加达夫普尔大学查克拉瓦蒂教授<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[①]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>、德里大学乔·赫里教授<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[②]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>、旁遮普大学历史系主任</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">帕尔夏泰姆·<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="米赫拉">米<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">赫</SPAN>拉</st1:PersonName>教授<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[③]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">。这种观点在中印关系全面冷冻时期一直占据着统治地位，直到今天仍然是主流。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">世纪<SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN>年代，印度和西方学界开始出现了对上述主流观点的修正。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[④]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>主要代表人物有英国记者内维尔·马克斯韦尔、印度学者卡鲁纳卡尔·古普塔。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑤]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>他们认真研究中印边界历史、客观分析中印边界争端过程，提出新的观点和看法，即中印边界</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">战争的责任在于印度而非中国。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">这样，拉开了印度学界反思中印边界战争的帷幕。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">世纪<SPAN lang=EN-US>80</SPAN>年代和<SPAN lang=EN-US>90</SPAN>年代，随着<SPAN lang=EN-US>8</SPAN>轮中印边界问题官员会谈的展开以及拉吉夫<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>甘地总理和拉奥总理相继访问中国，印度学界、官员和媒体纷纷对中印边界战争进行客观理性的反思。越来越多的印度人认识到，<SPAN lang=EN-US>1962</SPAN>年印度议会通过的那项寸土必收的决议并非神圣不可侵犯；解决边界问题应<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>有予有取<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，解决的关键不是技术性问题而是取决于政治意愿。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[1](p.13)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">世纪末和<SPAN lang=EN-US>21</SPAN>世纪初，印度对中印边界战争的反思掀起了高潮。当年的官员、退休将军和知情人士在边界问题上大胆发表不同于昔日官方观点的言论，出版社和杂志发表论述中印边界问题真相和反思西藏问题及边界问题的学术著作及文章，<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑥]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN>印度最大的莱迪夫网站（<SPAN lang=EN-US>rediff.com</SPAN>）专门就<SPAN lang=EN-US>1962</SPAN>年中印边界战争问题组织了一次全国性大讨论，特地邀请知名学者和前外交官参与。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn7" name=_ftnref7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑦]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">这一系列反思历史、</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">松绑解套、甩掉包袱的举动，使印度公众打开了眼界，逐渐了解了<SPAN lang=EN-US>1962</SPAN>年中印边界战争的真相，不仅为学术研究创造了有利的条件，而且为印度政府实现对华政策转变、为<SPAN lang=EN-US>21</SPAN>世纪中印两国“战略合作伙伴关系”的建立铺垫了道路，也催生了“<SPAN lang=EN-US>Chindia”(</SPAN>即<SPAN lang=EN-US>China</SPAN>加<SPAN lang=EN-US>India</SPAN>，中印大同<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>时代的到来。<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn8" name=_ftnref8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[⑧]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中印边界战争谁之过？</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">中国为何能够如此神速地打败印度？中国为何突然单方面无条件撤军？中印边界战争是否可以避免？这些长期困扰人们的问题，自中印边界战争以来一直是印度学界关注的焦点。<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>世纪<SPAN lang=EN-US>80</SPAN>年代以降，随着中印关系的正常化以及反思之风的兴起，印度学界对这些问题进行了反思和解析。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; tab-stops: 36.0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中印边界战争谁之过</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">印度传统主流看法认为，中国出于各种动机挑起了中印边界战争，中国是罪魁祸首，过在中国而不在印度。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[2](p.55) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">古鲁那纳克德夫大学苏林德拉</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="乔普里"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔普里</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授系统归纳了中国发动中印边界战争的具体动机，是印度传统主流看法的典型代表。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、削弱印度。中国一直将印度视为其在亚洲的意识形态、政治和经济领域的竞争对手。中印边界争端为中国提供了一个证明其优势的久违了的机会，中国的基本目的是削弱和羞辱印度，赢得对亚洲竞争对手的战略优势。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、教训达赖喇嘛。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年西藏叛乱和达赖喇嘛在印度寻求避难，违背了中国的意愿。中国想教训西藏人和达赖喇嘛，让他们明白像印度这样软弱的国家不可能为他们提供任何实质性帮助来对抗像中国这样强大的国家。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、打破印度不结盟政策的神话。印度是不结盟国家领袖之一，新兴的亚非国家被这一观念所感召。中国的影响穿透不过不结盟之网，因此很恼火，想向发展中国家和超级大国表明印度的不结盟政策是一个神话，使印度信誉扫地。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、推销中国的制度。中国想通过证明其政府制度和发展计划的有效，来影响整个世界特别是亚洲，将亚洲国家吸引到中国的怀抱。如果中国能够展示它的军事力量和制度比印度优越，就有可能达到这一目的。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、将印度从亚非集团中孤立出来。印度提出将中印边界争端提交给国际法庭或亚非中立第三国。中国拒绝了这一提议，从而使它在亚非集团眼中受到了怀疑。中国的目的就是通过惩罚印度扩张主义者，使印度从亚非集团中孤立出来。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、转移国内问题的视线。这时，大跃进失败了，中国面临着重大的国内问题。中国人幻想破灭，沮丧消沉。领导层分裂，处于反叛心境。也许，打出“来自印度的帝国主义威胁”的口号，可以团结人民，将国内问题推到幕后。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、迫使印度谈判边界问题。印度试图使边界问题国际化，正在赢得其他国家的同情。中国行动的目的是要迫使印度知道，解决问题的唯一途径是通过谈判，并且是在中国的条件下谈判。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、以有利的地位进行打击。中国担心印度在边界上的“前进政策”，害怕印度会重新夺回中国占领的领土。中国决定与其等待处于不利的地位，不如主动发动全面进攻，迫使印度放弃进攻态势而转入防御立场。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、确立大国地位。中国进攻印度，是为了宣告和确立其是世界最伟大的国家之一。这是对超级大国的一个警告，即中国必须被接受为一个事实，接受为亚洲最强大的国家。它也警告超级大国，亚洲属于中国的范围。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、警告俄国。中国侵略印度压其接受中国的领土要求，也是为了警告所有邻国特别是俄国，加强其在喜马拉雅山地区和印度次大陆对抗俄国的地位。其目的在于告诉所有相关国家，中国将用战争解决其领土要求。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[3](pp.76-79)<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></SUP></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">与传统<SPAN style="COLOR: black">主流看法不同，</SPAN>印度<SPAN style="COLOR: black">一些学者提出了与之相左或相对的新观点，可归纳为两种。一种观点认为，中印双方都与边界战争脱不开干系，都负有不可推卸的责任。这一观点以</SPAN>任嘉德<SPAN lang=EN-US>(C.V.Ranganathan) </SPAN>和康维诺（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Vinod C.Khanna</SPAN>）为主要代表。</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn9" name=_ftnref9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><U><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>[</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">⑨</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US>]</SPAN></FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他们认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在中印两国从友好走向冲突和战争的过程中，起核心作用的是双方之间错觉和误解的连锁反应，中印双方对边界战争和双边关系的恶化均负有不可推卸的责任，因而很难说谁是边界争端和边境战争的受害者。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[4](p.10) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西切斯特大学教授比姆</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·萨杜也持这一观点，他认为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国策划并首先发起战争，中国在良好的交通线支持下在印度所主张的领土内的迅速推进是其早期前进计划的充分证据，然而印度并非没有责任，它刺激中国发起战争，如果印度保持</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年和平主义者的姿态战争可能就会避免，印度的前进政策至少部分地对中印关系的恶化负有责任。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[5](p.61)</FONT></SPAN></SUP><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">苏布拉马尼亚姆<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>斯瓦密也认为，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中印边界战争显然是中印两国总理之间不透明外交的逻辑结果，他们彼此隐瞒了各自的真正议程。双方玩了一场零合游戏（</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a zero-sum game</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），而中国赢得了这场游戏。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[6](pp.88-89)</SPAN></SUP><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SUP></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另一种观点认为，<SPAN style="COLOR: black">印度在中印边界纠纷与冲突中难辞其咎，过不可赦，负有主要责任。这一观点的主要代表人物有著名学者古普塔</SPAN></SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn10" name=_ftnref10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><U>[⑩]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times; mso-hansi-font-family: Times">、中国通白春晖</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">V.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Paranjpe</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn11" name=_ftnref11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U>[11]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">和中国问题专家</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">苏布拉马尼亚姆</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>·</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">斯瓦密博士</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn12" name=_ftnref12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><U>[12]</U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times; mso-hansi-font-family: Times">古普塔认为，印度在边界问题上的要求缺乏依据，东段边界的</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">麦克马洪线<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主张</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">是以</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英印当局</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1938</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的赝本《艾奇逊条约集》（第</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卷）肆意篡改地图和回收</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1929</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的真本条约集等行为为基础的，缺乏合法性，而</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西段边界主张也没有法律依据</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，即</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">没有条约和传统习惯线，即使分水岭原则也不能支持印度的领土要求<SPAN style="COLOR: black">。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times; mso-hansi-font-family: Times">白春晖认为，中印边界问题的出现是因为印度试图迫使中国接受一条由英国人单方面决定的边界线，这是没有任何道理的，不可能为中国所接受。</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">苏布拉马尼亚姆<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>斯瓦密认为，在边界争端问题上，需要辩解的是印度而不是中国。中印边界在历史上从未划定，尼赫鲁所坚持的麦克马洪线没有任何法律效力，中国不承认西姆拉会议，这一事实一直隐瞒着印度民众，直到</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>20</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">世纪</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>80</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">年代中叶。印度一方面废除英国在西藏的特权、承认西藏是中国的一部分，另一方面却坚持英国殖民者与西藏之间签订的边界条约有效。尼赫鲁在公开场合的姿态是与中国友好，但他的密件和备忘录却充满侵略意图，同时又没有做任何军事准备。这一切导致了边界战争。</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[6]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> (pp.39-89)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国速战速胜的原因</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="20" Month="10" Year="1962"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，中国边防部队对印度军队发起了全面自卫反击战，一路所向披靡，势如破竹，于</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="20" Month="11" Year="2009"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闪电般地抵达中印传统习惯线。中国军队的进攻如此犀利神速，令世人惊叹，也令印度朝野一片哗然。那么，中国速战速胜的原因究竟何在？从某种意义上说，中国速胜的原因，也就是印度速败的原因。因此，印度学界从中印两方面对此进行了解析。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">印度学界认为，从中国方面来看，原因众多，其中最主要的是作战时机有利。比姆</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·萨<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="杜">杜</st1:PersonName>教授认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就地理和战略而言，对中国来说，这是发动有准备和有计划的进攻的恰当时间。推迟进攻会带来喜马拉雅山区天气和交通问题，也会给印度更多准备的时间。此外，在苏联和美国两个超级大国陷入古巴导弹危机的时刻，发动快速攻击在政治上是可取的。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[5](p.133) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">著名史学<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="家南达">家南达</st1:PersonName>教授认为</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn13" name=_ftnref13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[13]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，中国非常精明地选择了美苏古巴导弹危机时刻对印度发动进攻，使得处于剑拔弩张之中的苏联和美国无暇干涉中国的军事行动。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[7]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (p.19) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">德里大学著名国际关系专家</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">W. P. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">辛格·赛<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="杜">杜</st1:PersonName>教授指出</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn14" name=_ftnref14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">苏联由于需要社会主义兄弟中国的支持，暂时改变了在中印边界问题上偏袒印度的“中立”立场，明确站在中国一边。尼赫鲁请求美英提供</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个轰炸机中队阻止中国军队推进，其他高级防务官员也要求美国派第七舰队进入孟加拉湾以支持印度威慑中国，但是由于美国陷于古巴导弹危机这些请求没有得到批准。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[8]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (p.16) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=宋体>苏布拉马尼亚姆<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>斯瓦密博士指出，</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月，中国秘密同意在波兰华沙与美国重开会谈。在这些会谈中，中国提出软化其对台湾的态度，软化对美国在韩国和日本存在的态度。美国总统肯尼迪提议进一步举行秘密会谈，实现美国和中国的关系正常化。尼赫鲁显然没有注意到美国和中国之间的</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年秘密会谈。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[6]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (p.88) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">苏林德拉</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="乔普里"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔普里</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授也指出，苏美古巴导弹危机持续了两个星期，正好与中印边界战争巧合。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[3]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (p.57) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总之，对中国来说，此时对印度发动进攻在地理上、战略上和政治上都是一个恰当的时刻，有利于速战速决。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从印度方面来看，原因诸多，要者有五：</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、军事准备不足、部署失误。印度资深记者杜尔加</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·达斯在他的名著中指出<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn15" name=_ftnref15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尼赫鲁后来承认，印度战败的一个原因在于，印度一直生活在自己编织的虚幻世界里，忽视了战争准备。尼赫鲁一贯认为对华问题主要是一个政治和外交问题，需要从全球战略角度来看待。鉴于当时印度得到了苏美两个超级大国的支持，又在第三世界占有特殊地位，而中国正处在困难时期，且两面受敌，因此尼赫鲁坚信中国不会对印度发动任何大的军事行动。所以，他不仅听不进去下属的任何不同意见，而且对中国方面一再发出的警告置若罔闻，在边界地区大力推进的同时，却不做充分打仗的军事部署和准备。据说，沿北部边界，中印兵力比例为</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，中方占绝对优势。中国部队集中在一起，而印度军队分散在不同地方，其间几乎没有通讯或供应路线。有些部队只能通过空投获得供应，天气和飞行员的能力决定着空投的准确度，而地面状况使得本来就空投不准确的物资很难被找到。东段统帅部的战地军官建议将印度兵力集中在有可能受到侵略的地点，以便解决大量后勤供应问题，并迫使中国军队在印度所选择的地点作战。但是这个战略战术上明智的建议被决策者否决，新德里认为必须在整个地区展示军事存在。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[9</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">](p.362) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">著名华裔印度学者<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="谭中">谭中</st1:PersonName>教授指出，</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn16" name=_ftnref16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国使用“人海”（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">human wave</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）战术，对印度军队构成了绝对优势。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[10</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>](p.460)</SPAN></SUP><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SUP></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、武器装备短缺、士气低落。根据杜尔加</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·达斯的研究，印度</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">军队不能为士兵提供适合喜马拉雅山条件的武器和人员装备，发放给士兵的是第二次世界大战时期的枪支，部队缺少</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万支自动步枪、</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">百件反坦克武器、</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千门轻型迫击炮及炮弹、</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千套通讯设备、</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千枚发报机电池、</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千辆轻型卡车。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个坦克团因为缺乏配件而瘫痪，飞机因同样的原因而滞留地面。部队的训练和士气也很糟糕，印度军队基本上是平原部队，并据此训练和装备。印度军队过去的常规战斗是在西北边界进行的，军队统帅早在</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代初就认为应该为可能来自北方的进攻做准备，并计划发布有关中国步兵战术、战略、组织和装备的资料。然而，尼赫鲁将这一设想束之高阁。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代末，陆军司令在访问瑞士考察阿尔卑斯师的训练程序、组织和装备后，提出建立一些山地师，配备摩托化力量，以喜马拉雅山麓为基地。这个建议被尼赫鲁拒绝，理由是印度不能承担不合理的经费支出。很少军官接受了山地战训练，这一状况持续到</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年末。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[9</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">](p.362) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">古尔巴加大学政治系主任马拉帕</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·阿马拉瓦迪教授指出<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn17" name=_ftnref17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尼赫鲁后来解释说，印军失败是由于印军数量少寡不敌众，此外中国军队适应气候条件，做好了在高海拔作战的准备，而印军甚至没有在雪地中作战的靴子。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[2</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>](p.55)</SPAN></SUP><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SUP></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、军事长官不称职。巴特纳大学辛格拉尼教授研究指出，国防部长克里希纳</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梅农出身文官，与军官多有不和，经常以刻薄讽刺、挖苦嘲笑来显示他的权威，他指责陆军参谋们没有自己的脑子。陆军参谋长蒂迈雅将军就因与克里希纳</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梅农有过节，而提出辞职。克里希纳</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梅农没有充分利用兵工厂的武器生产能力，兵工厂不是用来为部队制造武器弹药，而是用来制造咖啡过滤壶和其它消费品。只是在中国进攻之后，兵工厂数量才增加了，用来生产武器弹药。克里希纳</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梅农大部分时间不在印度，他喜欢在纽约的联合国陪伴外交官而不愿在国防部筹划遏制中国保卫国家边界的战略。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年在拉达克和</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="20" Month="9" Year="1962"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在塔格拉山脊中印军队发生交火时，克里希纳</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">梅农竟在联合国。尼赫鲁不得不电告他返回德里，并说当国防问题每天都要处理的时候作为国防部长却经常离开是很难说得过去的，我们的首要职责是处理这里的形势，其他一切事情都是第二位的。陆军参谋局长考尔被任命为第四军军长，他是一个很好的行政官但却没有任何战斗经验。作为一个哮喘病患者，不论在体力还是在医学上他都不适合承担地面作战指挥任务。就在印度军队与中国军队大战在即时，他于</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="18" Month="10" Year="1962"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">回到德里治病去了。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[11] (pp.62-63)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、情报部门失职。史学家南达教授指出，据</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月接管国防秘书一职的</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P. V. R. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拉奥记载，联合情报委员会（由印度陆军总部、内务部和外交部成立、由外交部联合秘书任主席、属参谋长委员会的一个分支）没有发挥应有的作用。来自情报局（属内务部）的各种情报报告从未得到联合情报委员会的分析评估并成为政策形成的基础，而是交由情报局局长穆立克来处理。由于穆立克与尼赫鲁的亲密关系，情报局所收集到的情报常常送不到陆军总部，甚至连作为情报局行政主管部门的内务部也得不到这方面的报告，重大问题往往由穆立克与尼赫鲁口头商量决定。穆立克评估说，鉴于中国过去的行为，中国军队似乎会推进到它的“主张线”，但是当印度军队一出现他们便会走开，即便是只有十几个印度士兵。他建议印度军队立刻前进填补真空，否则中国军队就会在几个月内这样做。外交部立即将他的意见转达给了陆军总部，甚至没有人质疑：“如果未来中国人的行为与过去不一致会发生什么？”</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>[7] (p.123)</SPAN></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">结果当然是印度的惨败。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此外，情报部门对中国方面的军队部署一无所知。苏林德拉</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="乔普里"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔普里</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授指出，有一个印度旅和一支中国军队相隔几百码，印度旅长后来承认他不知道和他相隔如此之近的中国军队的兵力、装备和行动计划。一个美国军事小组来访印度旅，问印度旅长有关中国军队的情况，旅长坦白承认他全然不知。美国军官拿出档案，说出中国军队指挥官的名字、传记、战斗经历、军队的兵力和装备。印度旅长不相信他的耳朵，问美国军官是怎么知道这一切的。美国军官回答说这是他们的职责，五角大楼有一个作战室每天都对世界每个国家的每支军队的调动进行详细制图。相反，印度政府则在全然不知的情况下投入了与中国的战争。而中国不仅对印度的军事部署和地形，而且对世界事务的趋势如古巴导弹危机都了如指掌。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[3] (pp.57-58)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、没有动用空军。学者型的印度前外交部长迪克西特博士指出</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn18" name=_ftnref18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，令人费解的是，印度没有部署空中力量对付中国军队，当时中国军队的供应线拉得很长，也不可能依靠来自西藏的有效的空中支持。到</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中国研发了某种导弹，但是这些导弹当时还没有在战略和战术上应用到中印边界冲突上。空中力量的应用也许能够避免印度所遭受的军事失败。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[12] (pp.356-357) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">著名史学家比潘</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·昌德拉教授、穆丽杜拉·穆克吉教授、阿迪提亚·穆克吉教授也指出<A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn19" name=_ftnref19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">印度没有考虑使用印度空军，当时印度空军可以横扫阿鲁纳恰尔邦（即中国的藏南）和西藏的上空，而不会受到来自中国的任何抵抗。尼赫鲁向美国要求空军援助，却没有考虑他自己的空军。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[14] (p.167) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">苏布拉马尼亚姆<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>斯瓦密博士对此也感到困惑不解，认为</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">印度为什么在这次战争中没有动用其空军优势是一个谜。</SPAN></FONT><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[6] (pp.90-91)<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></SUP></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国单方面无条件撤军的原因</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">马克斯韦尔在他的《印度对华战争》一书中说，当中国军队取得重大胜利的时候，中国政府突然宣布单方面无条件撤军，这与其说让全世界松了一口气，不如说让全世界都目瞪口呆。世界战争史上还从没有过这样的事情，胜利者在失败者还没有任何承诺的情况下，就单方面无条件撤军，实际上也就是让自己付出巨大代价来之不易的胜利果实化为乌有。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">著名中国通<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="白蜜雅">白蜜雅</st1:PersonName>女士（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mira Sinha Bhattacharjea</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn20" name=_ftnref20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，也在她的《中国世界与印度》一书中说，对印度人来说，很难理解</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的军事溃败，而更加难以接受的是，只有失败是印度蒙受严重创伤的原因，而这一失败却没有伴随不可接受的领土损失，中国没有固守对印度具有重大战略价值的边界东段领土。中国这一史无前例的举动着实令当时的世界和今天的人们震惊和不解，人们对中国举动背后的原因纷纷进行探究和研讨。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[14] (pp.90-91)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">印度学界对中国单方面无条件撤军原因的探讨林林总总，归纳起来主要体现在两个主要方面。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、中国的政治目的已经达到。中国之所以在大获全胜之后出人意料地单方面无条件撤军，是因为中国已经达到了其政治目的。第一个政治目的是向苏美两个超级大国以及全世界表明，中国经历了</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1959-1961</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年国内困难并没有垮掉。<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="狄伯杰">狄伯杰</st1:PersonName>博士指出</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" title="" href="http://blog.stnn.cc/webeditor/WebEditor.aspx?AnyMark=BlogLog&amp;AnyCode=&amp;TempCode=634236987733593750109031&amp;UserCode=johnshang&amp;ST=Middle&amp;IsP=1&amp;IsF=0&amp;IsM=0&amp;IsR=0&amp;IsO=0&amp;Pf=jpg,gif,jpeg,png,bmp,wmf&amp;Of=rar,zip,doc,xls,ppt,mdb,pdf,rtf,wri,wps,txt,vsd&amp;Pfs=1048576&amp;Ffs=2097152&amp;Mfs=4194304&amp;Rfs=4194304&amp;Ofs=3145728&amp;IsLimit=0#_ftn21" name=_ftnref21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体" lang=EN-US><U><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></U></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代末开始，中国政治运动不断，中共统治大厦出现裂痕，随之而来的三年自然灾害和苏联停止经济技术援助，使得中国的经济形势空前恶化。当时，苏联政府单方面撕毁</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">343</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项专家合同和补充合同，撤消</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">257</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项科技合作项目，并撤走所有</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1390</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">名专家，不再派遣原定将要派遣的</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">900</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">名专家。苏联的举动打乱了中国的整个国民计划，许多工业工程不得不停止或废弃，所有经济军事援助项目被撤消，对中国的民用和军用工业造成巨大破坏，给中国经济带来巨大灾难。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[15] (pp.266-272)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陷入政治和经济困境中的中国面临严峻的社会危机，美苏两个超级大国以为中国虚弱到不堪以击，公开支持印度在边界问题上与陷入内外交困的中国争锋。中印边界战争的结果向苏美以及全世界表明，中国并没有被内外交困所击倒，仍然具有强大的政治和军事力量。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二个政治目的是向印度和达赖表明，达赖不可能寄希望依靠印度军事力量分裂中国。西藏叛乱之后，达赖喇嘛逃亡印度，得到印度政府的避难，并以印度为大本营，从事分裂中国的活动。狄伯杰认为，印度在西藏问题上的所作所为以及在边界地区推进的前进政策，被解释成是对西藏安全的威胁，从而也是对中国安全的威胁。因此，中国对印度实施先发制人的打击。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[15] (pp.265-266) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比姆</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·萨<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="杜">杜</st1:PersonName>教授认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国速决速战将印度人赶出拉达克地区，是为了巩固他们在西藏的地位，也是为了教训西藏叛乱者，不要指望印度的帮助，此外，也是为了惩罚印度的各种冒犯行为：如允许达赖和其他西藏难民避难；允许他们在印度国土上从事反华宣传；继续帮助西藏叛乱者；继续关注西藏的自治。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[5] (p.135) </FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中印边界战争的结果无疑达到了上述目的，是对达赖和印度的一个教训和提醒。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、拖延或扩大战争对中国不利。第一，西藏高原气候恶劣，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">冬季</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">寒冷</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">漫长，后勤补给困难。印度许多学者都指出了这一点，即西藏的严寒气候对中国军队持续作战很不利。进入</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月，西藏便大雪纷飞，天寒地冻，道路冰雪，行车困难。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">从<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>月中旬到来年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大雪</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">封山</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">，山口堵死，积雪达几米深，人畜皆不能通行。西藏高原上的运输问题成为中国军队后勤体系几乎无法解决的瓶颈，中国军队在西藏边境进行战争，装备给养来自中国内地，而从中国内地进藏的几条干线公路全有被大雪封山可能，从干线公路通向中印战场的支线公路，因为大都需要进入或穿越喜马拉雅山脉，更随时可能封闭，导致</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">后勤运输线</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中断，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">军队无法补给和调动。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果中国试图继续在冬季越过喜马拉雅交通线，向印度推进，在阿萨姆平原作战，形势就会变得非常严峻，会累及中国的军事形势，失去进一步的军事优势。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">第二，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中苏关系日趋紧张，中美关系持续敌对，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">国际形势对中国极为不利</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。苏联在中印边界冲突中站在印度一边，不仅给印度以政治和道义上的支持，而且给印度以经济和军事上的援助。比姆</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·萨<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="杜">杜</st1:PersonName>教授指出，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1955</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年到</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1963</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，苏联政府向印度提供了</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿卢比的援助，其中</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2/3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第一次中印边界冲突之后援助的。苏联向印度出售适合于喜马拉雅山地区修筑道路的装备，以苏制运输机和直升机装备印度军队，解决印度在喜马拉雅山区的后勤力量薄弱的问题，并帮助印度发展核能，提供米格战斗机，在印度建立军用航空工业。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[5] (pp.137-139)</FONT></SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与此同时，美国也对印度加紧政治经济军事援助，不但利用印度领土和领空支持和训练印度右翼和印度的西藏流亡者，而且在中印边界战争期间，无条件地支持印度，给印度提供大量的军事援助。迪克西特博士指出，美国向印度提供了</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9700</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万美元的军事援助，其武器装备包括轻型山地炮、防空雷达、通讯设备、运输机和直升机以及能在寒冷条件下使用的军事装备，还派遣一个美制</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">C-130</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运输机中队飞抵印度，帮助运送将士到阵地。此外，美国还从太平洋派遣航空母舰“进取号”（</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Enterprise</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）驶向印度海面进入孟加拉湾，并向中国发出强硬信号，如果冲突威胁到印度的领土完整，美国将向印度提供更有效的军事支持。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>[5] (p.75)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">急于遏止中国及共产主义势力的西方国家正在积极介入，而中国与苏联吵翻，得不到“社会主义阵营”的支援。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三，印度在最初的惊愕之后，开始空前全面动员。印度政府不仅向美国和西方世界寻求紧急军事援助，而且向第三世界其他国家领导人写信寻求支持，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世界舆论异口同声同情印度指责中国</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。同时，印度政府也向民众灌输中国忘恩负义、向朋友背后捅刀的观念，印度军队惨败给中国军队也伤害了印度人的自尊心，印度国内显示出强烈的反华激情和团结精神，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">掀起空前的爱国主义浪潮，朝野一致，发誓要把战争进行到底</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">印度当时虽然在军事实力上不如中国，但在后勤供应运输条件上却比中国有利得多，其背后是南亚平原，有条件修建良好的公路网，运输几乎畅通无阻，一旦战争变成长久对峙，无疑对印度有利。就像</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">苏布拉马尼亚姆</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US>·</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">斯瓦密博士所说，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">印度可能从震惊中恢复过来，部署经过常规训练的军队而占据优势，也许还会部署具有相对优势的空军。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[6]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> (pp.90-91)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基于上述因素，中国决策者决定战争的目标不是占领争议领土而是用决定性的打击教训印度，战争的原则是速战速决，战争行动限于争议地区并在严冬来临之前</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">和两个超级大国直接介入战争之前结束。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">苏林德拉</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="乔普里"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔普里</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授指出，中国在达到了它的政治目的之后宣布单方面停火和撤军，既防止了苏联和美国对它采取任何军事行动的可能性，同时作为胜利者，中国这样做也是将其作为讨价还价的一个砝码，作为将印度拉到谈判桌上的一种方式。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[3]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (p.75)<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></SUP></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中印边界战争的可避免性</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中印边界战争使从前的两个好兄弟变成了不共戴天的大仇敌，两国关系由“蜜月”巅峰跌入“冷战”低谷。那么，中印边界战争有没有避免的可能性？这也是印度学界普遍关注和反思的一个问题，代表性的观点如下。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、中印之间的领土利益冲突绝非不可妥协，至少它本可以不用诉诸战争而得到解决。苏林德拉</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">·</SPAN><st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="乔普里"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔普里</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代中期如果中印两国更多地协商而不是采取单方面的主张和行动的话，中印关系的进程会完全不同，中印边界战争就可避免。在边界东段达成对印度极为有利的协议（不用引进麦克马洪线或西姆拉条约）的可能性很大，但是这个机会失去了。到</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1956</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，中国一直履行他们与西藏地方政府达成的</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年协议。中国已经从西藏撤出了</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的汉族干部，并从拉萨撤出了一些军队。如果西藏能保持内部和平，中国考虑从西藏撤出所有军队。然而，</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1956</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年发生了康巴叛乱，并不断扩大。印度总理尼赫鲁和情报局长穆立克肯定知道，美国中央情报局和台湾国民党政权在支持叛乱。尼赫鲁没有采取任何措施阻止他们，没有抑制印度的西藏难民的反共活动。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1959</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年之后，印度对西藏叛乱的支持几乎公开化。即使我们承认一旦边界争端公开化后尼赫鲁的公开立场、反对党的压力、公众舆论的尖锐对印度产生了强制作用，但是仍然有足够的余地在不显示姑息的情况下使情绪冷静下来。周恩来决心达成某种协议，然而印度拒绝了。</SPAN><SPAN class=black1481><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" lang=EN-US>[3]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US> (p.50)</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">二、印度</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">没有必要</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">边界西段建立新哨所，不应该对谈判附加太多先决条件，果真如此战争有可能不会爆发。</SPAN><SPAN>著名中国通戴辛卡（<FONT face="Times New Roman">Giri</FONT> <FONT face="Times New Roman">Deshingkar</FONT></SPAN><SPAN sty
